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. 2022 Apr 5;13:869713. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.869713

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Copyright © 2022 Salaria, Boatwright, Thavarajah, Kumar and Thavarajah.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pathways synthesizing various essential (green boxes) and non-essential (purple boxes) amino acids. Amino acids: Ala, alanine; Arg, arginine; Asn, asparagine; Asp, aspartate/aspartic acid; Cys, cysteine; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate/glutamic acid; Gly, glycine; His, histidine; Ile, isoleucine; Leu, leucine; Lys, lysine; Met, methionine; Phe, phenylalanine; Pro, proline; Ser, serine; Thr, threonine; Trp, tryptophan; Tyr, tyrosine; Val, valine). Substrates/precursors: acetyl-CoA, acetyl-coenzyme A; DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate; ESPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate; E4P, erythrose 4-phosphate; fructose-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; GA3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; glucose-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; histidinol-P, histidinol phosphate; IAP, imidazole acetol-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenol pyruvate; 3-PGA, 3-phosphoglyceric acid; PRFAR, (N´-[(5′-phosphoribulosyl)formimino]-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide) ribonucleotide); PRPP, phosphoribosyl diphosphate; R5P, ribose 5-phosphate; Ru5P, ribulose 5-phosphate. Enzymes indicated in parentheses: ADH, arogenate dehydrogenase; ADT, arogenate dehydratase; AHAS, acetohydroxyacid synthase; AK, aspartate kinase; ALT, alanine transferase; AS, anthranilate synthase; AsnS, asparagine synthetase; AspAT, aspartate aminotransferase; BCAT, branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase; CGS, cystathionine gamma synthase; CM, chorismate mutase; DHDPS, dihydrodipicolinate synthase; GOGAT, glutamate synthase; GS, glutamine synthetase; HSD, homoserine dehydrogenase; IPMS, isopropylmalate synthase; MS, methionine synthase; OASTL, O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase; SAT, serine acetyltransferase; SHM, serine hydroxymethyltransferase; TD, threonine deaminase; TrpS, tryptophan synthase; TS, threonine synthase.