Figure 5.

(A) Representative confocal images of costained of CD31 (blood vessels, red) and β3-tubulin (nerves, green) on the cross sections of autografts, allografts, allografts modified by hydrolytically or MMP degradable tissue engineered periosteum (Hydro-TEP, MMP-TEP) at levels proximal (1), medial (2), and distal (3) in relation to the femoral head (scale bar = 20 μm) at 3-week postsurgery. (B) Blood vessel density-dependent effects on nerve density, where regression analysis demonstrates a linear relationship (R² = 0.74) between revascularization and reinnervation, indicating their synergistic coordination during bone defect healing [Reproduced with permission from ref 280. Copyright 2021 Elsevier].