Table 4.

Adjuvant therapies applied in management of osteonecrosis of the jaw

During conservative management	During surgical management
• Bone marrow stem cell intralesional transplantation (219)	• Laser-assisted surgical debridement (220, 221)
• Leukocyte and platelet rich fibrin membrane placement (183, 222, 223)	• Preoperative antibiotic treatment followed by laser and wound local treatment with platelet-rich plasma applications (224)
• Ozone (225)	• Surgical debridement in combination with platelet-derived growth factor (183)
• Pentoxifylline (226)	• Intraoperative fluorescence guidance (227, 228)
• Vitamin E (226)	• Longer-term preoperative antibiotics (229)
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy	• Adjunctive therapy with hyperbaric oxygen combined with surgery (230, 231)