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. 2020 Nov 11;225(8):1424–1434. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa699

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — A, Resistance intensity of field-caught Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) after exposure to 1, 2, 5, or 10 times the diagnostic dose of pyrethroid insecticides. Mean knockdown/acute toxicity rates after 30-minute exposure are shown with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Knockdown or mortality rates at the same dose per insecticide sharing a letter do not differ significantly (P > .05). Mortality rates <90% (lower red line) represent confirmed resistance at the diagnostic dose (1×), and rates <98% (upper red line) indicate moderate to high-intensity resistance or high-intensity resistance at 5× and 10×, respectively, as defined by the World Health Organization [24]. B, Restoration of deltamethrin susceptibility of field-caught A. gambiae s.l. after preexposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Mean knockdown/acute toxicity after 30-minute exposure to 1 or 2 times the diagnostic dose of deltamethrin with 95% CIs. Knockdown/mortality rates do not differ significantly between pyrethroid only and synergist plus pyrethroid sharing a letter (P > .05). Red line at 98% mortality rate represents metabolic resistance mechanisms partially involved [24].