Table 4.
Mean changes from baseline to 6 months in child psychopathology, parenting skills, and parents’ stress in the implementation and randomized controlled trial intervention groups.
| Variable | Mean (SE) change from baseline to 6 months | Implementation versus RCT intervention, mean (95% CI) | Pc value | |||||||
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|
Implementation group (n=600), meana (SE) | RCTb intervention (n=232), meana (SE) |
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| Child measures | ||||||||||
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|
Primary outcome | |||||||||
|
|
|
Child Behavior Checklist externalizing score | 6.3 (0.4) | 6.1 (0.6) | –0.2 (–1.3 to 1.6) | .83 | ||||
|
|
Secondary outcomes | |||||||||
|
|
|
Child Behavior Checklist total score | 15.3 (1.0) | 14.6 (1.6) | –0.7 (–3.0 to 4.5) | .70 | ||||
|
|
|
Child Behavior Checklist internalizing score | 3.7 (0.4) | 3.4 (0.6) | –0.3 (–1.0 to 1.6) | .64 | ||||
|
|
Symptom domains | |||||||||
|
|
|
Aggression | 5.5 (0.3) | 5.5 (0.5) | –0.0 (–1.2 to 1.3) | .95 | ||||
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|
|
Attention | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | –0.1 (–0.2 to 0.4) | .53 | ||||
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|
|
Sleep | 1.5 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.2) | –0.0 (–0.5 to 0.5) | 1.0 | ||||
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|
|
Withdrawn | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.2) | –0.3 (–0.0 to 0.7) | .08 | ||||
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|
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Somatic | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.2) | –0.2 (–0.2 to 0.7) | .29 | ||||
|
|
|
Anxious | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.2) | –0.1 (0.5 to 0.3) | .62 | ||||
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|
|
Emotional | 1.2 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.2) | –0.1 (–0.7 to 0.4) | .58 | ||||
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|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition subscores | |||||||||
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|
|
Affective problems | 1.3 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.0 (–0.4 to 0.5) | .95 | ||||
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Anxiety problems | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.2) | –0.1 (–0.6 to 0.4) | .69 | ||||
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PDDd problems | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (–0.3 to 0.8) | .41 | ||||
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ADHDe problems | 1.6 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.2) | 3.5 (–0.2 to 0.9) | .17 | ||||
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ODDf problems | 1.9 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.2) | –0.3 (–0.7– 0.2) | .26 | ||||
|
|
Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits | |||||||||
|
|
|
Total | 4.0 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.7) | –0.4 (–1.9 to 1.2) | .64 | ||||
|
|
|
Callousness | 2.0 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.3) | –0.1 (–0.7– 0.8) | .83 | ||||
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Uncaring | 1.6 (0.2) | 1.9 (0.3) | –0.2 (–1.0 to 0.5) | .53 | ||||
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|
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Unemotional | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | –0.1 (–0.6 to 0.3) | .44 | ||||
| Parent measures | ||||||||||
|
|
Parenting scale | |||||||||
|
|
|
Total | 0.6 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.0) | 0.0 (–0.1 to 0.1) | .50 | ||||
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Laxness | 0.4 (0.0) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.0 (–0.1 to 0.2) | .79 | ||||
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Overreactivity | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.2 (–0.0 to 0.4) | .07 | ||||
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Hostility | 0.3 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.0 (–0.1 to 0.2) | .85 | ||||
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|
21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale short form | |||||||||
|
|
|
Total | 6.4 (0.7) | 3.9 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.0 to 5.1) | .05 | ||||
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Depression | 2.1 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.1 to 2.2) | .036 | ||||
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|
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Anxiety | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.3 (–0.4 to 0.1) | .44 | ||||
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Stress | 3.3. (0.4) | 2.2 (0.6) | 1.1 (–0.2 to 2.4) | .09 | ||||
aLeast-squares means.
bRCT: randomized controlled trial.
cAdjusted with maternal education and duration of problems.
dPDD: pervasive developmental disorder.
eADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
fODD: oppositional defiant disorder.