Table 4.

Statistically significant outcome measures including a judgment of high risk of bias (RoB).

Outcome measure		Outcome category	Reason for high RoB
Bray et al [24]; Taylor et al [56]				Not applicable (no high RoB)
	Near-vision visual function	Efficacy
	Vision-related QoLa	QoL
	Frequency of use	Usability
	Cost-effectiveness (near-vision visual function vs carer and intervention costs)	Economic
Hägglund et al [54]				No blinding; all dropouts in IGb
	Heart failure self-care behavior	Efficacy
	Health-related QoL	QoLb
Hearing aid performance/benefit (Humes et al [49])		Efficacy	Per-protocol analysis; recruitment through newspaper ads
Usage frequency (Levine et al [48])		Usability	No blinding; risk of recruitment bias (people who refused to participate were older, had lower glycated hemoglobin levels, and were less likely to be African American)
Mira et al [50]				Not applicable (no high RoB)
	Medication adherence	Efficacy
	Medication errors	Efficacy
Total length of stay for admitted patients (Ong et al [51])		Efficacy	No blinding (allocation was discussed with the participants); very high dropout rates in IG (32% vs 1% in the CGc), resulting in a change in the IG:CG ratio from 1:1 to 1:3
Decrease of diastolic blood pressure (Or and Tao [13])		Efficacy	No blinding
Fall incidence (Tchalla et al [7])		Efficacy	No blinding

^aQoL: quality of life.

^bIG: intervention group.

^cCG: Control group.