Table 2.

Morning and hourly ecological momentary assessment (EMA) survey items and response options.

Construct, subcategories, and measure (reference)				Item (response options)		Morning		Hourly
Internal factors
	Mood
		Adapted from the studies by Nguyen et al [58], Godell et al [111], and Thrul et al [132]	What is your overall feeling right now? (1=very unpleasant to 7=very pleasant) What is your overall energy level right now? (1=very low to 7=very high) What is your anxiety level right now? (1=very low to 7=very high)				✓
	Stress
		Adapted from the Perceived Stress Scale [122]; single item used in previous EMA studies [58,61]	What is your overall stress level right now? (1=very low to 7=very high)				✓
	Fatigue
		Adapted from the Fatigue Assessment Scale [121]	How physically exhausted are you right now? (1=not at all to 7=extremely) How mentally exhausted are you right now? (1=not at all to 7=extremely)				✓
		Adapted from the studies by Dennis and Ross [40] and Mendez et al [61]	How well did your baby sleep last night? (1=poor to 7=excellent) How well did you sleep last night? (1=poor to 7=excellent)		✓
External factors
	Baby fussiness
		Selected items from the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire [133]	Yesterday, how easy or difficult was it for you to calm or soothe your baby when they were upset? (1=very easy to 7=very difficult) Yesterday, how much did your baby cry and fuss in general? (1=very little to 7=a lot)		✓
		Adapted from the study by Adams et al [134]	Since the last survey, how many times did your baby fuss, cry, or seem upset? (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more times) How many of these times were you able to successfully soothe your baby? (All of them; most of them; some of them; a few of them; none of them)				✓
	Social support
		Item from the Maternal Social Support Index [135]	How often was support available to you when you needed it yesterday? (None of the time; little of the time; some of the time; most of the time)		✓
	Drinking cues
		Adapted from the study by McQuoid et al [103]	Was alcohol available to you yesterday? (Yes or no) Were other people in your household drinking alcohol yesterday? (Yes or no)		✓
Motivation
	Drinking motives
		Selected items from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire [64]	If you drank alcohol yesterday, why did you drink? (Because it makes social gatherings more fun; to forget about your problems; because it gives you a pleasant feeling; to be liked)		✓
	Commitment to avoid drinking
		Adapted from the study by Kuerbis et al [53]	How committed are you to not drink alcohol in the next hour (for hourly survey) or today (for morning survey)? (1=not at all to 7=extremely)		✓		✓
Self-efficacy
	Maternal self-efficacy
		Developed for this study	How confident are you that you will be able to meet your baby’s physical needs (such as needs to be fed or changed) over the next hour (for hourly survey) or today (for morning survey)? (1=not at all confident to 7=extremely confident) How confident are you that you will be able to meet your baby’s emotional needs (such as needs to be soothed or entertained) over the next hour (for hourly survey) or today (for morning survey)? (1=not at all confident to 7=extremely confident)		✓		✓
	Drinking self-efficacy
		Adapted from the study by Kuerbis et al [53]	How confident are you that you can avoid drinking alcohol for the next hour (for hourly survey) or today (for morning survey)? (1=not at all confident to 7=extremely confident)		✓		✓
Self-regulation
	Adaptive coping—general
		Adapted from the studies by Roos et al [94] and Cambron et al [136]	Did you use any strategies to cope with negative feelings or stress since the last survey (for hourly survey) or yesterday (for morning survey)? (I didn’t experience negative feelings or stress; I drank alcohol; I changed my thinking; I changed my current situation; I found something else to do; I sought advice or support; I came up with a plan to cope; I set a goal or kept track of my current progress toward a goal; I directly communicated my needs to others; I tried to relax; I took medication; I pushed negative feelings or stress away; I used another strategy; I didn’t use any strategies)		✓		✓
	Adaptive coping—drinking
		Adapted from the studies by Roos et al [94] and Cambron et al [136]	Did you use any strategies to manage the urge to drink alcohol since the last survey (for hourly survey) or yesterday (for morning survey)? (I didn’t experience an urge to drink alcohol; I changed my thinking; I changed my current situation; I found something else to do; I sought advice or support; I came up with a plan to manage the urge to drink alcohol; I set a goal or kept track of my current progress toward a goal; I directly communicated my needs to others; I tried to relax; I made an effort to stay safe and avoid risks while drinking alcohol; I took medication; I tried to ignore the urge to drink alcohol; I used another strategy; I didn’t use any strategies)
Mastery
	Mastery—parenting
		Selected items from the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy Tool [137]	Yesterday, I was good at feeding my baby (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree) Yesterday, I was good at soothing my baby when they became upset (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree) Yesterday, I was good at reading my baby’s cues (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree) Yesterday, my baby responded well to me (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree)		✓
	Mastery—drinking
		Developed for this study	How strong was your urge to drink alcohol yesterday? (1=very low to 7=very high) To what extent did you feel that you overcame your urge to drink alcohol yesterday? (1=not at all to 7=to a very great extent)		✓
Daily drinking
	Drinking
		Adapted from the studies by O’Donnell et al [73] and Thrul et al [138]	Did you consume any alcohol yesterday? (Yes or no) If yes, how many alcoholic drinks did you consume? (Enter numeric value) If yes, select all the time periods when you drank alcohol yesterday (Morning; lunchtime; afternoon; evening; during the night)		✓