Table 2.

Risk of bias in individual articles (N=27).

Study	Participants, n	Patients or caregivers involved in the design of technology	Incomplete outcome dataa	Blinding of participants or personnelb	Other biasc
Almeida et al [32]	452	High	Low	Low	Not reported
Collins and Champion [33]	15	Not reported	Low	Low	Not reported
Davidson et al [34]	50	Low	Low	Low	Low
Davis et al [35]	51	Low	Low	High	Not reported
Finkelstein et al [36]	30	Not reported	Low	Low	Not reported
Finkelstein and Wood [37]	N/Ad	High	High	Not reported	Low
Fortmann et al [38]	414	Low	Low	Low	Not reported
Friedman et al [39]	267	Not reported	Low	Low	Not reported
Gerber et al [40]	95	Not reported	Not reported	High	High
Green et al [41]	9298	Low	Low	Low	Low
Grimes et al [42]	12	Low	Not reported	High	Not reported
Heitkemper et al [30]	220	Low	High	Not reported	Not reported
Joseph et al [43]	29	Low	Low	Low	Not reported
Kline et al [44]	123	Not reported	Low	High	Not reported
MacDonell et al [45]	48	Low	High	Low	Low
Lin et al [46]	124	High	Low	Low	High
Mayberry et al [47]	19	Low	Low	High	Not reported
McGillicuddy et al [48]	12	Low	Low	Low	Not reported
Newton et al [49]	97	Not reported	High	Low	High
Nundy et al [50]	15	Not reported	Low	Not reported	Not reported
Reese et al [51]	14	Low	High	High	Not reported
Reininger et al [52]	71	Not reported	Low	High	Not reported
Rosal et al [53]	89	Low	Low	Low	Low
Shea [54]	1665	High	High	Low	Low
Skolarus et al [55]	94	Low	High	Low	Low
Trief et al [56]	1665	Low	Low	Low	Not reported
Weinstock et al [57]	1665	Low	Low	Low	Not reported

^aOutcome data.

^bRandomization or blinding of patients.

^cAny other bias identified by the reviewers.

^dN/A: not applicable.