Table 1. Participant Demographic and Disease Characteristics at Baseline.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Usual care group | Prone positioning group | |
| No. | 243 | 258 |
| Baseline severitya | ||
| Low flow | 162 (66.7) | 170 (65.9) |
| High flow | 62 (25.5) | 71 (27.5) |
| NIV | 19 (7.8) | 16 (6.2) |
| Unknown or missing | 0 | 1 (0.4) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.3 (15.2) | 61.6 (15.4) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 105 (43.2) | 112 (43.4) |
| Male | 138 (56.8) | 146 (56.6) |
| Raceb | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 1 (0.4) |
| Asian | 6 (2.5) | 8 (3.1) |
| Black or African American | 43 (17.7) | 56 (21.7) |
| White | 162 (66.7) | 154 (59.7) |
| Otherc | 26 (10.7) | 30 (11.6) |
| Unknown | 6 (2.5) | 9 (3.5) |
| Ethnicityb | ||
| Hispanic or Latinx | 33 (13.6) | 33 (12.8) |
| Non-Hispanic or non-Latinx | 204 (84.0) | 213 (82.6) |
| Unknown | 6 (2.5) | 12 (4.7) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 31.1 (7.7) | 32.8 (9.1) |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score | ||
| Median (IQR)d | 2.0 (−2.0 to 8.0) | 3.0 (−1.0 to 7.0) |
| Score group | ||
| <3 | 91 (37.4) | 97 (37.6) |
| ≥3 | 90 (37.0) | 103 (39.9) |
| Unknown or missing | 62 (25.5) | 58 (22.5) |
| Clinical measurements | ||
| Creatinine, mean (SD), mg/dLe | 1.56 (2.09) | 1.29 (1.26) |
| WBCs, mean (SD), ×103/μLf | 9.0 (9.7) | 8.5 (4.9) |
| Platelets, mean (SD), ×103/μLg | 234 (92) | 219 (86) |
| ALT, mean (SD), U/Lh | 47.5 (81.3) | 38.3 (33.9) |
| AST, mean (SD), U/Li | 53.9 (57.7) | 51.0 (40.9) |
| CRP, mean (SD), mg/Lj | 124 (91) | 125 (94) |
| Treatment | ||
| Glucocorticoid medication | 184 (75.7) | 215 (83.3) |
| Remdesivir | 108 (44.4) | 132 (51.2) |
| Anti–IL-6 therapy | 1 (0.4) | 0 |
| Time from eligibility to enrollment, mean (SD), h | 10.98 (7.18) | 12.34 (11.40) |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CRP, C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; WBC, white blood cell.
SI conversion factors: To convert creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4; white blood cell count to 109 per liter, multiply by 0.001; platelet count to 109 per liter, multiply by 1.0; ALT and AST to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167.
Patients were enrolled only if they were receiving noninvasive supplemental oxygen.
Race and ethnicity were self-reported.
Races in the other category were not specified in the electronic medical record.
Patient comorbidities were categorized based on diagnostic codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, which can be used to estimate in-hospital mortality.
Based on 457 participants.
Based on 456 participants.
Based on 457 participants.
Based on 436 participants.
Based on 436 participants.
Based on 385 participants.