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. 2022 Apr 19;54(4):455–465. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00757-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a The mechanism of action of mRNA-based drugs. Exogenous mRNAs introduced into cells undergo translation to proteins and facilitate protein function. These mRNA constructs include a 5ʹ cap analog to facilitate their recognition by translation initiation factors, which is the first step in translation. In addition, mRNA sequences can be modified to allow evasion of the immune system, allowing them to exert their therapeutic effect for a longer period. b The use of mRNAs for enzyme replacement therapy. mRNAs are introduced into cells where the corresponding proteins are not produced due to mutation. c The use of mRNAs as vaccines. The introduced mRNAs produce proteins that may be recognized by the immune system as antigens.