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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Immunol. 2022 Mar 4;43(4):296–308. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2022.02.003

Figure 4. Chemoenzymatic diagnostics for monomeric and heteromeric-multiplexed antigens.

Figure 4.

Novel combinatorial diagnostics based on immunofluorescence detection are being developed to finely discriminate antibodies cross-reacting between host structures and pathogen mimetics. Panel a and b show examples of various oligosaccharides that have been synthesized [50]. Panel c shows examples of probed oligosaccharide arrays with a monoclonal antibody against GD1a, and the sera of two GBS patients (S005 and S010). Bound antibodies were visualized using fluorescently-conjugated anti-human IgG secondary antibodies and fluorescence intensities were quantified using a microarray scanner [50]. The numbers on the x-axis correspond to the structures displayed in a and b. These diagnostic systems can also be used to identify antibodies directed against epitopes being formed by heteromeric-multiplexed gangliosides. The figure is modified from [50].