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. 2022 Mar 29;45(4):994–1006. doi: 10.2337/dc21-1752

Table 1.

Summary of studies included in Systematic Review of annual T1D incidence (per 100,000 people) in adults by IDF region

First author (reference no.) Country (region) Cohort name Study year Population at risk, n (age) Sex Age at onset, years (#) Incidence (95% CI)
Europe
 Weets (44) Belgium (Antwerp) Belgian Diabetes Registry 1989–2000 488,457 (0–39 years) M+F 15–39 (1) 8.8 (7.9–9.8)a
  M 15–39 (1) 10.6 (9.2–12.2)a
  F 15–39 (1) 7.0 (5.9–8.3)a
 Roglić (45) Croatia (Zagreb) N/A 1988–1992 933,914 (all ages) M 15–24 (1) 9.8 (6.5–14.3)c
  M 25–34 (1) 7.8 (5.2–11.2)c
  M 35–44 (1) 7.2 (4.7–10.6)c
  M 45–54 (2) 3.0 (1.4–5.7)c
  M ≥55 (3) 4.4 (2.6–7.0)c
  F 15–24 (1) 9.3 (6.1–13.6)c
  F 25–34 (1) 5.1 (3.2–7.8)c
  F 35–44 (1) 3.8 (2.1–6.3)c
  F 45–54 (2) 5.1 (2.9–8.3)c
  F ≥55 (3) 4.5 (3.0–6.6)c
 Mølbak (46) Denmark (Copenhagen and Freseriskborg) N/A 1973–1977 457,281 (>29 years) M+F >29 (4) 8.2 (7.1–9.4)c
  M >29 (4) 9.1 (7.3–10.8)c
  F >29 (4) 7.5 (6.0–9.0)c
 Lammi (47) Finland N/A 1992–1996 Not reported M+F 20–24 (1) 16.1 (14.2–18.3)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 16.2 (14.4–18.2)c
  M+F 30–34 (1) 15.2 (13.5–17.0)c
  M+F 35–39 (1) 10.1 (8.8–11.6)c
  M 20–24 (1) 19.9 (16.9–23.2)c
  M 25–29 (1) 20.9 (18.0–24.1)c
  M 30–34 (1) 19.8 (17.1–22.8)c
  M 35–39 (1) 12.6 (10.5–15.0)c
  F 20–24 (1) 12.2 (9.8–14.9)c
  F 25–29 (1) 11.3 (9.2–13.8)c
  F 30–34 (1) 10.3 (8.4–12.6)c
  F 35–39 (1) 7.5 (5.9–9.5)c
 Arffman (18) Finland FinDM 2010–2017T* Not reported M+F ≥20 (4) 19 (18–20)a
  M+F 20–29 (1) 25 (21–29)c
  M+F 30–39 (1) 23 (20–27)c
  M+F 40–49 (2) 17 (14–20)c
  M+F ≥50 (3) 17 (15–18)
 Gajewska (48) Ireland N/A 2011–2016 3.1 million (≥25 years) M+F 25–34 (1) 29.9 (25.7–34.1)c
  M+F 35–44 (1) 31.2 (27.2–35.2)c
  M+F 45–54 (2) 24.0 (20.1–27.8)c
  M+F 55–64 (2) 29.9 (25.1–34.6)c
  M+F 65–74 (3) 41.2 (34.7–47.7)c
  M+F ≥75 (3) 51.2 (45.3–63.0)c
 Tenconi (49) Italy (Pavia) N/A 1988–1992 71,974 (20–29 years) M 20–24 (1) 7.9 (3.2–16.2)c
  M 25–29 (1) 8.3 (3.6–16.4)c
  F 20–24 (1) 4.8 (1.3–12.2)c
  F 25–29 (1) 8.8 (3.8–17.4)c
 Muntoni (50) Italy (Sardinia) N/A 1989–1990 290,334 (20–29 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 17.0 (12.4–21.6)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 16.4 (11.6–21.3)c
  M 20–24 (1) 18.9 (12.2–25.7)c
  M 25–29 (1) 25.3 (16.8–33.9)c
  F 20–24 (1) 14.9 (8.8–21.0)c
  F 25–29 (1) 7.5 (2.8–12.1)c
 Bruno (51) Italy (Turin) Turin type 1 diabetes registry 1984–2000 Not reported M+F 20–24 (1) 6.6 (5.7–7.6)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 5.5 (4.7–6.5)c
  M 20–24 (1) 7.9 (6.6–9.5)c
  M 25–29 (1) 6.6 (5.4–8.1)c
  F 20–24 (1) 5.3 (4.2–6.6)c
  F 25–29 (1) 4.4 (3.4–5.6)c
 Ostrauskas (52) Lithuania N/A 1991–2008 798,367 (20–34 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 7.1 (6.4–7.9)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 8.9 (8.1–9.8)c
  M+F 30–34 (1) 9.9 (9.0–10.7)c
  M 20–24 (1) 8.7 (7.6–9.9)c
  M 25–29 (1) 11.9 (10.6–13.3)c
  M 30–34 (1) 13.7 (12.3–15.3)c
  F 20–24 (1) 5.5 (4.6–6.5)c
  F 25–29 (1) 5.6 (4.7–6.7)c
  F 30–34 (1) 5.9 (5.0–6.9)c
 Joner (53) Norway N/A 1978–1982 613,293 (20–29 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 14.5c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 18.8c
  M 20–24 (1) 15.7c
  M 25–29 (1) 21.1c
  F 20–24 (1) 13.2c
  F 25–29 (1) 16.4c
 Olsson (25) Norway The HUNT Study 1 and 2 1995–2008 64,264 M+F ≥18 (4) 24.9c
 Wysocki (19) Poland (Warsaw) N/A 1983–1988T 623,000 (0–29 years) M 20–24 (1) 4.2 (1.1–10.2)c
  M 25–29 (1) 8.2 (3.5–15.8)c
  F 20–24 (1) 3.3 (0.6–8.8)c
  F 25–29 (1) 5.3 (1.6–11.7)c
 Sobel-Maruniak (54) Poland (Rzeszow) N/A 1980–1999 167,012 (15–29) M+F 15–29 (1) 5.8 (5.0–6.6)a
  M 15–29 (1) 6.8 (5.6–8.1)a
  F 15–29 (1) 4.7 (3.7–5.8)a
 Ionescu-Tîrgovişte (55) Romania (Bucharest) Bucharest Diabetes Registry 1981–1991 1.7 million (20–84 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 5.1
  M+F 25–29 (1) 7.9
  M+F 30–34 (1) 3.5
  M+F 35–39 (1) 4.4
  M+F 40–44 (2) 5.5
  M+F 45–49 (2) 8.0
  M+F 50–54 (2) 7.8
  M+F 55–59 (2) 7.1
  M+F 60–64 (2) 8.3
  M+F 65–69 (3) 10.1
  M+F 70–74 (3) 8.7
  M+F 75–79 (3) 8.4
  M+F 80–84 (3) 3.1
 Dedov (56) Russia SRDP 2016 Not reported M+F Adultsd (4) 4.9c
 Scottish Diabetes Data Group (21) Scotland Scottish Diabetes Survey 2012–2019T* 4 million (≥20 years) M+F 20–29 (1) 28.0c
  M+F 30–39 (1) 21.0c
  M+F 40–49 (2) 15.0c
  M+F 50–59 (2) 10.0c
  M+F 60–69 (3) 8.0c
  M+F ≥70 (3) 6.0c
 Vojislav (9) Serbia Serbian Diabetes Registry 2006–2017T* Not reported M+F 20–24 (1) 7.5a
  M+F 25–29 (1) 6.9a
 Kyvik (57) Slovakia EURODIAB TIGER 1996–1997 Not reported M 20–24 (1) 5.9 (3.8–8.6)c
  M 25–29 (1) 5.0 (3.0–7.8)c
  F 20–24 (1) 3.3 (1.8–5.4)c
  F 25–29 (1) 1.9 (0.8–4.0)c
 Goday (58) Spain (Catalonia) N/A 1987–1990 1.3 million (15–29 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 11.3 (9.7–13.0)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 8.5 (7.2–9.9)c
 Forga (15) Spain (Navarre) N/A 2009–2016T* 508,601 (≥20 years) M+F 20–29 (1) 17.3 (8.6–30.9)c
  M+F 30–44 (1) 5.5 (2.4–10.8)c
  M+F ≥45 (2) 2.7 (1.2–5.3)c
  M 20–29 (1) 21.6 (8.7–44.5)c
  M 30–45 (1) 5.4 (1.5–13.7)c
  M ≥45 (2) 3.5 (1.1–8.2)c
  F 20–29 (1) 12.8 (3.5–32.8)c
  F 30–45 (1) 5.6 (1.5–14.4)c
  F ≥45 (2) 1.9 (0.4–5.6)c
 Morales-Pérez (59) Spain (Badajoz) N/A 1992–1996 107,980 (20–29 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 10.7 (7.1–15.4)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 5.9 (3.3–9.6)c
  M 20–24 (1) 13.0 (7.6–20.5)c
  M 25–29 (1) 6.6 (3.0–12.4)c
  F 20–24 (1) 8.3 (4.1–14.9)c
  F 25–29 (1) 5.2 (1.7–10.8)c
 Crump (60) Sweden N/A 1973–2015 4.2 million (all ages) M+F 18–43 (1) 21.9c
  M 18–43 (1) 25.6c
  F 18–43 (1) 18.1c
 Dahlquist (10) Sweden DISS 1983–2007T* Not reported M 20–24 (1) 17.4c
  M 25–29 (1) 14.6c
  M 30–34 (1) 10.6c
  F 20–24 (1) 11.3c
  F 25–29 (1) 8.6c
  F 30–34 (1) 6.3c
 Thunander (23) Sweden (Kronoberg) N/A 1998–2001 138,000 (≥18 years) M+F 20–29 (1) 19.7 (18.0–21.7)c
  M+F 30–39 (1) 11.7 (10.4–13.2)c
  M+F 40–49 (2) 20.0 (18.2–21.9)c
  M+F 50–59 (2) 36.1 (33.8–38.6)c
  M+F 60–69 (3) 35.3 (32.5–38.1)c
  M+F 70–79 (3) 55.0 (51.1–58.7)c
  M+F 80–100 (3) 27.3 (24.6–30.7)c
  M 20–29 (1) 26.2 (23.3–29.2)c
  M 30–39 (1) 16.9 (14.7–19.4)c
  M 40–49 (2) 16.9 (14.7–19.4)c
  M 50–59 (2) 46.0 (42.3–49.8)c
  M 60–69 (3) 32.1 (28.4–36.0)c
  M 70–79 (3) 38.3 (33.9–43.0)c
  M 80–100 (3) 27.0 (22.0–32.8)c
  F 20–29 (1) 12.7 (10.7–15.0)c
  F 30–39 (1) 6.1 (4.8–7.7)c
  F 40–49 (2) 23.2 (20.5–26.0)c
  F 50–59 (2) 25.7 (22.9–28.8)c
  F 60–69 (3) 38.3 (34.4–42.5)c
  F 70–79 (3) 65.1 (55.9–66.4)c
  F 80–100 (3) 27.4 (23.4–31.8)c
 Rawshani (20) Sweden DISS, PDR, and NDR 2007–2009T* Not reported M+F 20–24 (1) 31.2 (26.7–35.7)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 30.4 (25.8–34.9)c
  M+F 30–34 (1) 30.2 (25.7–34.7)c
 Abbasi (16) U.K. CPRD 1994–2013T* 369,362 (2–25 years) M+F 16–25 (1) 17.8 (13.8–22.6)a
 Thomas (22) U.K. UK Biobank 2006–2010 379,511 (37–73 years) M+F 31–60 (2) 28.3c
 Feltbower (61) U.K. (West Yorkshire) Yorkshire Regional Childhood Diabetes Register 1991–1999 2.1 million (all ages) M+F 15–29 (1) 3.4c
Western Pacific
 Diabetes Australia (62) Australia NDSSb 2020 18.8 million (≥21 years) M+F 21–29 (1) 17.7c
  M+F 30–39 (1) 15.1c
  M+F 40–49 (2) 10.1c
  M+F 50–59 (2) 9.8c
  M+F 60–69 (3) 7.2c
  M+F 70–79 (3) 7.5c
  M+F ≥80 (3) 4.0c
 Weng (63) China N/A 2010–2013 133 million PY (≥20 years) M+F ≥30 (4) 0.51 (0.49–0.53)c
  M+F 20–24 (1) 1.11 (1.03–1.19)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 1.19 (1.11–1.29)c
  M+F 30–34 (1) 1.02 (0.94–1.12)c
  M+F 35–39 (1) 0.73 (0.66–0.81)c
  M+F 40–44 (2) 0.54 (0.48–0.61)c
  M+F 45–49 (2) 0.54 (0.47–0.61)c
  M+F 50–54 (2) 0.60 (0.52–0.69)c
  M+F 55–59 (2) 0.54 (0.47–0.62)c
  M+F 60–64 (3) 0.44 (0.36–0.53)c
  M+F 65–69 (3) 0.38 (0.29–0.49)c
  M+F 70–74 (3) 0.32 (0.23–0.43)c
  M+F ≥75 (3) 0.37 (0.27–0.51)c
 Luk (17) Hong Kong HKDSD 2002–2015T* 7.3 million (all ages) M 20–39 (1) 0.53c
  M 40–59 (2) 0.59c
  M ≥60 (3) 0.39c
  F 20–39 (1) 0.84c
  F 40–59 (2) 0.33c
  F ≥60 (3) 0.23c
 Nishioka (64) Japan NDB 2014–2017 65.3 million (≥20 years) M 20–39 (1) 5.6 (5.2–5.9)c
  M 40–59 (2) 5.7 (5.4–6.0)c
  M ≥60 (3) 3.5 (3.3–3.7)c
  F 20–39 (1) 4.8 (4.6–5.1)c
  F 40–59 (2) 5.0 (4.8–5.2)c
  F ≥60 (3) 3.3 (3.1–3.5)c
 Lee (11) Korea NHIS 2007–2013T* 51.3 million (all ages) M+F ≥20 (4) 3.0c
 Scott (65) New Zealand (Canterbury) Canterbury Diabetes Registry 1981–1986 345,768 (all ages) M+F 20–29 (1) 8.1 (5.4–11.7)c
  M+F 30–39 (1) 10.6 (7.3–14.9)c
  M+F 40–49 (2) 11.8 (7.8–17.2)c
  M+F 50–59 (2) 13.1 (8.6–19.3)c
  M+F 60–69 (3) 18.6 (12.9–26.0)c
  M+F ≥70 (3) 21.7 (15.2–30.0)c
  M 20–29 (1) 11.1 (6.8–17.1)c
  M 30–39 (1) 11.7 (6.9–18.5)c
  M 40–49 (2) 16.7 (10.1–26.1)c
  M 50–59 (2) 17.0 (9.9–27.2)c
  M 60–69 (3) 25.9 (15.2–39.1)c
  M ≥70 (3) 25.3 (14.5–41.0)c
  F 20–29 (1) 5.1 (2.3–9.7)c
  F 30–39 (1) 9.5 (5.3–15.7)c
  F 40–49 (2) 7.0 (3.0–13.8)c
  F 50–59 (2) 9.1 (4.2–17.3)c
  F 60–69 (3) 12.3 (6.4–21.5)c
  F ≥70 (3) 19.5 (11.9–30.0)c
 Sheen (12) Taiwan NHIRD 2005–2014T* Not reported M+F 20–39 (1) 1.4c
M+F ≥40 (2) 0.5
All other regions
 Gorham (66) U.S. U.S. Navye 1974–1988 1.6 million (17–34 years) M (W) 20–24 (1) 18.0 (16.3–20.0)c
  M (W) 25–29 (1) 24.1 (20.9–27.7)c
  M (W) 30–34 (1) 32.4 (28.0–37.6)c
  F (W) 20–24 (1) 26.2 (19.5–34.6)c
  F (W) 25–29 (1) 29.8 (19.1–44.4)c
  F (W) 30–34 (1) 33.2 (15.9–61.1)c
  M (B) 20–24 (1) 17.1 (12.7–22.6)c
  M (B) 25–29 (1) 39.4 (30.3–51.2)c
  M (B) 30–34 (1) 88.1 (67.9–114.0)c
  F (B) 20–24 (1) 25.9 (12.9–46.4)c
  F (B) 25–29 (1) 15.9 (3.3–46.3)c
  F (B) 30–34 (1) 92.9 (34.1–202.0)c
 Rogers (13) U.S. Clinformatics Data Mart databasee 2001–2015T 61 million (all ages) M+F 20–24 (1) 18.0 (17.2–18.9)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 16.6 (15.8–17.3)c
  M+F 30–34 (1) 15.3 (14.6–16.0)c
  M+F 35–39 (1) 15.9 (15.2–16.6)c
  M+F 40–44 (2) 16.0 (15.3–16.7)c
  M+F 45–49 (2) 17.8 (17.1–18.5)c
  M+F 50–54 (2) 20.0 (19.2–20.8)c
  M+F 55–59 (2) 23.4 (22.5–24.3)c
  M+F 60–64 (3) 29.2 (28.0–30.4)c
 Lawrence (24) U.S. (California) Kaiser Permanentee 2017 2.4 million (20–45 years) M+F 20–45 (1) 30.1 (23.5–36.8)a
  M+F 20–29 (1) 15.2 (10.2–20.1)c
  M+F 30–45 (1) 38.2 (28.6–47.8)c
  M 20–45 (1) 32.5 (22.2–42.8)a
  F 20–45 (1) 27.2 (21.0–34.5)a
 Mebrahtu (67) Eritrea N/A 2019 316,118 (20–24) M+F 20–24 (1) 46.2 (39.0–53.3)c
  M 20–24 (1) 55.0 (44.1–68.0)c
  F 20–24 (1) 37.2 (28.2–48.0)c
 Alemu (68) Ethiopia N/A 1995–2008 2.5 million (all ages) M 21–25 7.2c
  M 26–30 8.9c
  M 31–35 6.6c
  M 36–40 3.9c
  M 41–50 2.8c
  M 46–60 1.8c
  M 61–70 0.5c
  M 71–80 1.3c
  F 21–25 2.4c
  F 26–30 3.1c
  F 31–35 2.9c
  F 36–40 2.3c
  F 41–50 2.4c
  F 46–60 1.2c
  F 61–70 1.6c
  F 71–80 0.7c
 Sandy (14) Mali N/A 2007–2016T* 12.1 million (<25 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 1.1 (0.6–1.8)c
  M+F 20–24 (1) 0.7 (0.5–0.9)c
 Marshall (69) Rwanda LFAC program registry 2007–2011 Not reported M+F 20–24 (1) 5.0 (2.8–8.6)c
 Pishdad (70) Iran (Fars) N/A 1991–1996 587,000 (20–29 years) M 20–24 (1) 3.3 (2.0–4.6)c
  M 25–29 (1) 3.1 (1.8–4.4)c
  F 20–24 (1) 3.4 (2.1–4.7)c
  F 25–29 (1) 3.6 (2.1–5.0)c
 Kadiki (71) Libya (Benghazi) N/A 1981–1990 9,635 (20–34 years) M+F 20–24 (1) 7.0 (4.7–10.2)c
  M+F 25–29 (1) 10.4 (7.0–14.8)c
  M+F 30–34 (1) 12.4 (8.4–17.7)c
  M 20–24 (1) 10.9 (6.8–16.5)c
  M 25–29 (1) 11.4 (6.8–18.0)c
  M 30–34 (1) 16.7 (10.3–25.6)c
  F 20–24 (1) 2.9 (1.1–6.3)c
  F 25–29 (1) 9.4 (5.1–15.8)c
  F 30–34 (1) 7.7 (3.5–14.6)c
 Kumar (72) India Military personnele 1990–2015 51,217 (≥18 years) M ≥18 (4) 2.4c

B, Black adults; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; EURODIAB TIGER, EUROpe and DIABetes Type I Genetic Epidemiology Resource; F, females; HKDSD, The Hong Kong Diabetes Surveillance Database; LFAC, Life For a Child; M, males; N/A, not applicable; NDB, National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan; NDSS, National Diabetes Service Scheme; NHIRD, National Health Insurance Research Database; NHIS, National Health Insurance Service; SRDP, State Registry of DM Patients; W, White adults.

T

Time trends available.

*

Most recent year/period reported.

#

Assigned categories for age-specific analysis (1, 20–40 years; 2, 40–60 years; 3, >60 years; 4, ≥20 years).

a

Age-standardized rates.

b

For estimation of Australian rates, the number of new cases of T1D, reported by the National Diabetes Service Scheme, was divided by the 2019 Australian estimated resident population, obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

c

Crude rates.

d

Age range not defined.

e

Insurance- or occupation-based population.