Table 2. Key Characteristics of All the Models Tested in the Study.

method	architecture highlights	Data
sequence-baseda	1-D convolution	SMILES and protein sequences
CTD-baseda	1-D convolution	SMILES, protein sequences, and CTD features
dNNDRa	Att-biLSTM	SMILES and protein sequences
dNNDRb	Att-biLSTM	SMILES, protein sequences, and molecular descriptors
dNNDRc	biLSTM and gCNN	SMILES and protein sequences

^aBaseline methods.