Table 5. External Validation Results Reinforcing the Effectiveness of the Proposed Models^a.

	external validation set
	Davis Anastasiadis			Davis Metz
method	accuracy	precision	F1-score	accuracy	precision	F1-score
sequence-based	0.69	0.60	0.64	0.66	0.56	0.60
CTD	0.19	0.03	0.06	0.22	0.05	0.08
dNNDRa	0.47	0.67	0.51	0.53	0.51	0.52
dNNDRb	0.76	0.58	0.66	0.70	0.59	0.58
DeepDTA	0.70	0.56	0.68	0.64	0.55	0.57
DeepConv-DTI	0.72	0.61	0.64	0.68	0.56	0.61

^aThe best-performing method has been marked in bold. 2. dNNDRa: Att-biLSTM, dNNDRb: Att-biLSTM + descriptors, dNNDRc: biLSTM + gCNN.