Table 2.
Associations of maternal lipid profile in early pregnancy with embryonic growth in whole population, women with normal pre-pregnancy weight and overweight women
| Study population (n = 1474) | Crude model | Adjusted model | Fully adjusted model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole group | Normal weight | Overweight | Whole group | Normal weight | Overweight | Whole group | Normal weight | Overweight | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile MoM (< 0.94) | − 0.03 (− 0.15; 0.09) | − 0.08 (− 0.23; 0.07) | 0.01 (− 0.26; 0.28) | − 0.07 (− 0.20; 0.07) | − 0.08 (− 0.24; 0.09) | − 0.13 (− 0.44; 0.17) | − 0.06 (− 0.20; 0.07) | − 0.07 (− 0.24; 0.10) | − 0.14 (− 0.46; 0.17) |
| Second tertile MoM (0.94–1.08) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Highest tertile MoM (> 1.08) | 0.02 (− 0.10; 0.14) | − 0.001 (− 0.15; 0.15) | 0.12 (− 0.13; 0.37) | − 0.02 (− 0.15; 0.11) | − 0.03 (− 0.20; 0.13) | − 0.02 (− 0.30; 0.26) | − 0.02 (− 0.15; 0.11) | − 0.05 (− 0.22; 0.12) | − 0.04 (− 0.32; 0.25) |
| Trend analyses MoM | 0.09 (− 0.19; 0.37) | 0.21 (− 0.15; 0.56) | 0.15 (− 0.47; 0.77) | 0.13 (− 0.19; 0.44) | 0.13 (− 0.26; 0.51) | 0.13 (− 0.56; 0.82) | 0.11 (− 0.21; 0.43) | − 0.40 (− 1.38; 0.57) | 0.07 (− 0.32; 0.47) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile MoM (< 0.87) | − 0.08 (− 0.20; 0.04) | − 0.12 (− 0.26; 0.03) | 0.06 (− 0.24; 0.36) | − 0.08 (− 0.21; 0.06) | − 0.09 (− 0.25; 0.07) | 0.03 (− 0.30; 0.36) | − 0.08 (− 0.21; 0.06) | − 0.09 (− 0.25; 0.07) | 0.05 (− 0.28; 0.39) |
| Second tertile MoM (0.87–1.18) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Highest tertile MoM (> 1.18) | 0.04 (− 0.08; 0.16) | − 0.01 (− 0.16; 0.15) | 0.18 (− 0.07; 0.43) | 0.04 (− 0.10; 0.18) | − 0.06 (− 0.23; 0.11) | 0.23 (− 0.05; 0.50) | 0.06 (− 0.07; 0.20) | − 0.06 (− 0.23; 0.12) | 0.28 (− 0.01; 0.56) |
| Trend analyses MoM | 0.16 (0.05; 0.38) | 0.12 (− 0.03; 0.28) | 0.29 (0.04; 0.53) | 0.15 (0.01; 0.28) | 0.02 (− 0.15; 0.18) | 0.35 (0.10; 0.61) | 0.17 (0.03; 0.30) | 0.03 (− 0.15; 0.20) | 0.44 (0.15; 0.72) |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile MoM (< 0.92) | 0.04 (− 0.08; 0.16) | 0.01 (− 0.14; 0.17) | 0.18 (− 0.08; 0.43) | 0.08 (− 0.06; 0.22) | 0.06 (− 0.11; 0.24) | 0.13 (− 0.16; 0.43) | 0.10 (− 0.04; 0.23) | 0.09 (− 0.09; 0.26) | 0.15 (− 0.15; 0.45) |
| Second tertile MoM (0.92–1.08) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Highest tertile MoM (> 1.08) | 0.04 (− 0.08; 0.16) | 0.07 (− 0.08; 0.22) | − 0.03 (− 0.31; 0.25) | 0.05 (− 0.08; 0.19) | 0.06 (− 0.10; 0.22) | − 0.03 (− 0.34; 0.28) | 0.05 (− 0.08; 0.18) | 0.07 (− 0.09; 0.23) | − 0.05 (− 0.37; 0.27) |
| Trend analyses MoM | − 0.01 (− 0.26; 0.25) | 0.17 (− 0.16; 0.50) | −0.51 (− 1.07; 0.06) | 0.03 (− 0.28; 0.32) | 0.18 (− 0.20; 0.55) | −0.39 (− 1.03; 0.25) | −0.01 (− 0.32; 0.29) | 0.15 (− 0.23; 0.54) | −0.48 (− 1.16; 0.20) |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile MoM (< 0.88) | 0.04 (−0.08; 0.17) | 0.01 (−0.14; 0.16) | −0.09 (− 0.37; 0.19) | −0.01 (− 0.15; 0.13) | −0.06 (− 0.22; 0.11) | −0.05 (− 0.37; 0.27) | −0.01 (− 0.15; 0.13) | −0.04 (− 0.21; 0.13) | −0.05 (− 0.38; 0.28) |
| Second tertile MoM (0.88–1.13) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Highest tertile MoM (> 1.13) | 0.03 (−0.09; 0.15) | 0.03 (− 0.12; 0.19) | 0.03 (− 0.22; 0.27) | −0.01 (− 0.14; 0.12) | −0.04 (− 0.21; 0.13) | 0.02 (− 0.25; 0.30) | −0.01 (− 0.15; 0.12) | −0.05 (− 0.22; 0.12) | 0.01 (− 0.27; 0.29) |
| Trend analyses MoM | −0.02 (− 0.18; 0.15) | 0.03 (− 0.18; 0.25) | 0.10 (− 0.26; 0.47) | 0.01 (− 0.18; 0.20) | 0.03 (−0.20; 0.26) | 0.02 (− 0.39; 0.43) | 0.004 (− 0.19; 0.19) | −0.01 (− 0.24; 0.23) | 0.001 (− 0.42; 0.42) |
| Remnant cholesterol, mmol/L | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile MoM (< 0.87) | −0.08 (− 0.20; 0.04) | −0.13 (− 0.28; 0.02) | 0.09 (− 0.21; 0.38) | −0.08 (− 0.21; 0.06) | −0.10 (− 0.25; 0.06) | 0.06 (− 0.27; 0.39) | −0.08 (− 0.21; 0.06) | −0.10 (− 0.26; 0.06) | 0.09 (− 0.25; 0.42) |
| Second tertile MoM (0.87–1.17) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Highest tertile MoM (> 1.17) | 0.05 (−0.08; 0.17) | − 0.04 (− 0.20; 0.12) | 0.24 (− 0.01; 0.49) | 0.04 (− 0.10; 0.18) | −0.08 (− 0.25; 0.09) | 0.27 (− 0.003; 0.55) | 0.06 (− 0.08; 0.20) | −0.08 (− 0.25; 0.10) | 0.32 (0.04; 0.61) |
| Trend analyses MoM | 0.17 (0.05; 0.29) | 0.13 (− 0.02; 0.29) | 0.29 (0.05; 0.53) | 0.15 (0.02; 0.29) | 0.02 (− 0.15; 0.19) | 0.35 (0.09; 0.61) | 0.17 (0.04; 0.31) | 0.03 (− 0.15; 0.20) | 0.44 (0.15; 0.72) |
| Non-HDL-c, mmol/L | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile MoM (< 0.89) | 0.03 (−0.09; 0.15) | 0.02 (− 0.13; 0.17) | −0.13 (− 0.41; 0.15) | −0.01 (− 0.14; 0.13) | −0.003 (− 0.17; 0.16) | −0.22 (− 0.54; 0.09) | −0.01 (− 0.15; 0.13) | 0.01 (− 0.16; 0.18) | −0.23 (− 0.55; 0.10) |
| Second tertile MoM (0.89–1.11) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Highest tertile MoM (> 1.11) | 0.07 (−0.05; 0.19) | 0.09 (− 0.06; 0.25) | 0.03 (− 0.22; 0.27) | 0.05 (− 0.09; 0.18) | 0.03 (− 0.14; 0.20) | −0.03 (− 0.30; 0.24) | 0.05 (− 0.09; 0.18) | 0.02 (− 0.16; 0.19) | −0.04 (− 0.32; 0.24) |
| Trend analyses MoM | 0.06 (− 0.12; 0.24) | 0.09 (− 0.14; 0.32) | 0.25 (− 0.15; 0.66) | 0.08 (−0.13; 0.28) | 0.03 (− 0.21; 0.28) | 0.21 (− 0.24; 0.67) | 0.08 (− 0.13; 0.28) | 0.01 (−0.25; 0.26) | 0.21 (− 0.26; 0.68) |
| TG/HDL-c ratio | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile MoM (< 0.83) | −0.07 (−0.19; 0.05) | − 0.01 (− 0.16; 0.13) | −0.15 (− 0.45; 0.15) | −0.04 (− 0.17; 0.09) | 0.003 (− 0.15; 0.16) | −0.11 (− 0.44; 0.22) | −0.04 (− 0.17; 0.09) | 0.01 (− 0.15; 0.17) | −0.15 (− 0.49; 0.18) |
| Second tertile MoM (0.83–1.23) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Highest tertile MoM (> 1.23) | 0.01 (−0.11; 0.13) | 0.02 (− 0.14; 0.18) | 0.10 (− 0.16; 0.35) | 0.05 (− 0.09; 0.19) | −0.01 (− 0.19; 0.16) | 0.26 (− 0.03; 0.54) | 0.07 (− 0.07; 0.21) | 0.002 (− 0.18; 0.18) | 0.28 (−0.01; 0.57) |
| Trend analyses MoM | 0.06 (−0.01; 0.13) | 0.03 (− 0.06; 0.12) | 0.15 (0.01; 0.29) | 0.04 (− 0.03; 0.12) | −0.02 (− 0.12; 0.07) | 0.16 (0.01; 0.31) | 0.06 (− 0.02; 0.13) | −0.01 (− 0.11; 0.09) | 0.26 (0.06; 0.45) |
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MoM Multiple of the median, n.a. not applicable. Values are SDS with the 95% CI and are based on linear regression models. Crude model: univariate regression analysis. Adjusted model: crude model additionally adjusted for maternal age, parity, educational level, ethnicity, smoking and folic acid supplement use. Fully adjusted model: adjusted model additionally adjusted for maternal glucose concentrations. Estimates of MoM trend analyses represent the unit increase in the outcome per 1 multiple of the median increase in lipid, compared to the reference category