Table 5.
AD biomarkers used in assessing disease state or prognosis: potential surrogate markers
| Source | Biomarkers |
|---|---|
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Aβ42 (alone or when measured as a ratio with Aβ40, total tau, or p-tau) |
| Total tau | |
| Phosphorylated-tau (p-tau; alone or when measured as a ratio with Aβ42) | |
| β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) | |
| Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) | |
| YKL-40 | |
| Neurogranin | |
| Synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) | |
| Synaptotagmin | |
| Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) | |
| Neurofilament light (NfL) | |
| Blood | p-tau 181; p-tau 217 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | |
| Neurofilament light (NfL) | |
| Imaging | Amyloid PET |
| Tau PET | |
| MRI atrophy | |
| FDG PET hypometabolism |
Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer’s disease, FDG PET fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PET positron emission tomography