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. 2022 Apr 19;157:102882. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102882

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© 2022 The Authors

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Fig. 4 — Dynamic difference-in-differences analysis: Effect on deaths in areas with slums relative to those without slums. Notes. The figure shows the results for coefficients estimated from Eq. (1) with neighborhood and month fixed effects. Coefficients should be interpreted as a change in number of deaths relative to the base period, which corresponds to January 2020. The “treated group” is composed of neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro or Sao Paulo with at least one housing unit in a slum. There are 156 neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro and 96 neighborhoods in Sao Paulo. Data are provided at the neighborhood-month level. Vertical dotted lines indicate the month before the first Covid case in Brazil (January 2020). Panels (a), (c), and (e) are for Rio de Janeiro, while Panels (b), (d), and (f) are for Sao Paulo. Panels (a) and (b): the dependent variable is the number of Covid-related deaths—the number of deaths between Jan-2018 and Feb-2020 is equal to zero. Panels (c) e (d): the dependent variable is the number of non-Covid-related deaths. Panels (e) and (f): the dependent variable is the total number of deaths. Standard errors clustered at the neighborhood level. Confidence intervals: 95%.