TABLE 2.
Frequency of resistance haplotypes for each gene and of infections containing mixed haplotypes
| Gene | Resistance combination | Resistance phenotypea | Frequency [no. (%)] | Haplotype(s)b | Frequency [no. (%)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dhfr | Quadruple mutant | Superresistant (presence of IRTNL) | 43 (13.2) | ICTNId, ICTNLt, IRTNIt, IRTNLq | 3 (0.9) |
| ICTNId, IRTNIt, IRTNLq | 4 (1.2) | ||||
| IRTNIt, IRTNLq | 32 (9.9) | ||||
| IRTNIt, IRINIq | 3 (0.9) | ||||
| IRTNL | 1 (0.3) | ||||
| Triple mutant | Fully resistant (presence of IRTNI) | 278 (86.5) | ICTNId, IRTNIt | 22 (7) | |
| IRTNIt | 251 (78) | ||||
| NCTSI*, ICTNId, IRTNIt | 1 (0.3) | ||||
| NCTSI*, NCTNIs, IRTNIt | 2 (0.6) | ||||
| NCTSI*, IRTNIt | 2 (0.6) | ||||
| Double mutant | Partially resistant (ICTNI) | 1 (0.3) | ICTNId | 1 (0.3) | |
| Wild type | Sensitive (NCTSI) | 0 | NA | 0 | |
| dhps | Quadruple mutant | Superresistant (presence of HGEG) | 4 (1.8) | SGEAd, HGEAt, HGEGq | 2 (0.9) |
| HGEAt, HGEGq | 2 (0.9) | ||||
| Triple mutant | Fully resistant (presence of HGEA) | 216 (96) | SGEAd, HGEAt | 68 (30.2) | |
| HGEAt | 148 (65.8) | ||||
| Double mutant | Fully resistant (SGEA) | 5 (2.2) | SGEAd | 5 (2.2) | |
| Wild type | Sensitive (SAKA) | 0 | NA | 0 | |
| k13 | Single mutant | NA | 15 (7.7) | FNMYRIPRAAC*, FNMYRIPRASC | 15 (7.7) |
| 2 (1) | FNMYRIPRAAC*, FNMYRIPRSAC | 2 (1) | |||
| Wild type | Sensitive (FNMYRIPRAAC) | 179 (91.3) | FNMYRIPRAAC* | 179 (91.3) | |
| mdr1 | Double mutant | NA | 82 (83.7) | NFTd, NYSt | 1 (1) |
| NFTd | 8 (8.2) | ||||
| NYT*, NFTd, NYSd | 6 (6.1) | ||||
| NYT*, NFT | 67 (68.4) | ||||
| 2 (2) | NYT*, NYSt | 2 (2) | |||
| Wild type | Sensitive (NYT) | 14 (14.3) | NYT* | 14 (14.3) |
a
Resistance phenotypes are based on the Pfdhfr + Pfdhps mutation combinations. “super” relates to the triple + triple (sextuple) or quadruple + triple (septuple) combinations; “fully” relates to the triple + double (quintuple) combination; “partially” relates to the triple + single (quadruple) combination. The contribution of Pfdhps in the combinations is dependent on codons 437G, 540E, and 581G. NA, not applicable.
b
Superscripts are as follows: *, wild type; d, double mutation; t, triple mutation; q, quadruple mutation.