Table 1.
Sample characteristics of pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic onset cohorts.
| Characteristic | Pre-COVID-19 pandemic N = 5737 |
Post-COVID-19 pandemic onset N = 1798 |
Χ2 | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | |||
| Gender | 8.57 | 0.003 | ||||
| Female | 3860 | (67.3) | 1276 | (71.0) | ||
| Male | 1877 | (32.7) | 522 | (29.0) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | 1.87 | 0.171 | ||||
| White | 3348 | (58.4) | 1082 | (60.2) | ||
| Others^ | 2389 | (41.6) | 716 | (39.8) | ||
| (Asian) | 569 | (9.9) | 187 | (10.4) | ||
| (Hispanic/Latino) | 448 | (7.8) | 155 | (8.6) | ||
| (Black or African American) | 278 | (4.8) | 55 | (3.1) | ||
| (bi-racial, Native Indians, etc.) | 824 | (14.4) | 229 | (12.7) | ||
| (Missing/refused to disclose) | 270 | (4.7) | 90 | (5.0) | ||
| Disability status | 1.03 | 0.309 | ||||
| Not on disability | 4521 | (78.8) | 1437 | (79.9) | ||
| On disability | 1216 | (21.2) | 361 | (20.1) | ||
| Employment status | 0.73 | 0.391 | ||||
| Currently working | 2542 | (44.3) | 776 | (43.2) | ||
| Not currently working | 3195 | (55.7) | 1022 | (56.8) | ||
| Marital status | 2.77 | 0.598 | ||||
| Married | 3137 | (55.4) | 972 | (54.7) | ||
| Never married | 1144 | (20.2) | 380 | (21.4) | ||
| Divorced/separated | 758 | (13.4) | 223 | (12.6) | ||
| Living together | 345 | (6.1) | 119 | (6.7) | ||
| Widowed | 277 | (4.9) | 82 | (4.6) | ||
| (missing)^ | 76 | – | 22 | – | ||
| Drinking alcohol | 0.37 | 0.544 | ||||
| Yes | 1864 | (41.6) | 648 | (40.2) | ||
| No | 2621 | (58.4) | 963 | (59.8) | ||
| (missing)^ | 1252 | – | 187 | – | ||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | t | p^ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 51.4 | (17.0) | 50.2 | (17.5) | 2.96 | 0.015 |
| Doctor’s office visits | 7.0 | (8.8) | 6.6 | (8.3) | 2.04 | 0.068 |
| ER visits | 0.8 | (2.4) | 0.8 | (2.5) | 0.37 | 0.714 |
| Painful sites (body map) | 11.5 | (12.3) | 12.3 | (12.3) | − 2.50 | 0.030 |
| Number of drinks per week* | 3.7 | (4.5) | 3.6 | (6.8) | 0.57 | 0.563 |
Bold font indicates significance at p < 0.05. Others^: Break downs of other races are listed below in parenthesis; p^ FDR adjusted p values; *n = 1709 of pre-covid-19 sample and n = 583 of post-covid-19 sample provided the information.