Table 1.
Patients' characteristics, medical history, presentation and outcomes of the included 1,174,196 pulmonary embolism patients stratified according the presence of diabetes
| Parameters | PE patients with diabetes (n = 219,550; 18.7%) | PE patients without diabetes (n = 954,646; 81.3%) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.0 (67.0–81.0) | 71.0 (58.0–79.0) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥70 years | 144,159 (65.7%) | 487,382 (51.1%) | <0.001 |
| Female sex* | 119,895 (54.6%) | 507,725 (53.2%) | <0.001 |
| In‐hospital stay (days) | 11.0 (7.0–19.0) | 9.0 (5.0–15.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes subtypes | |||
| Type 1 diabetes | 3,540 (1.6%) | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 208,996 (94.9%) | ||
| Unknown/uncoded diabetes subtype | 7,014 (3.2%) | ||
| Traditional cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| Obesity | 36,407 (16.6%) | 76,087 (8.0%) | <0.001 |
| Essential arterial hypertension | 127,266 (58.0%) | 382,061 (40.0%) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 43,415 (19.8%) | 99,272 (10.4%) | <0.001 |
| Classical risk factors for venous thromboembolism | |||
| Cancer | 43,475 (19.8%) | 193,023 (20.2%) | <0.001 |
| Surgery | 121,631 (55.4%) | 475,276 (49.8%) | <0.001 |
| Thrombophilia | 1,443 (0.7%) | 11,842 (1.2%) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Coronary artery disease | 51,004 (23.2%) | 110,384 (11.6%) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 71,280 (32.4%) | 183,728 (19.2%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 13,299 (6.1%) | 20,346 (2.1%) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 47,941 (21.8%) | 130,898 (13.7%) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 29,779 (13.6%) | 90,808 (9.5%) | <0.001 |
| Acute and chronic kidney disease | 78,013 (35.5%) | 168,251 (17.6%) | <0.001 |
| Renal insufficiency (comprised diagnosis of chronic renal insufficiency stages 3–5 with glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 44,322 (20.2%) | 81,112 (8.5%) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | 42,437 (19.3%) | 136,157 (14.2%) | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 6.0 (5.0–8.0) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | <0.001 |
| Risk stratification markers and presence of DVT | |||
| High‐risk PE (PE with hemodynamical instability) † | 25,514 (11.6%) | 79,845 (8.3%) | <0.001 |
| Right ventricular dysfunction | 69,912 (31.8%) | 264,910 (27.7%) | <0.001 |
| Shock | 11,344 (5.2%) | 34,294 (3.6%) | <0.001 |
| Syncope | 5,950 (2.7%) | 22,220 (2.3%) | <0.001 |
| Tachycardia | 7,236 (3.3%) | 26,291 (2.8%) | <0.001 |
| Deep venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis | 73,615 (33.5%) | 367,838 (38.5%) | <0.001 |
| Reperfusion treatments | |||
| Systemic thrombolysis | 10,439 (4.8%) | 38,719 (4.1%) | <0.001 |
| Surgical embolectomy | 335 (0.2%) | 1,446 (0.2%) | 0.904 |
| Adverse events during hospitalization | |||
| In‐hospital death | 43,411 (19.8%) | 141,606 (14.8%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 18,736 (8.5%) | 59,278 (6.2%) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 50,339 (22.9%) | 224,776 (23.5%) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 21,045 (9.6%) | 48,605 (5.1%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) | 8,336 (3.8%) | 24,854 (2.6%) | <0.001 |
| Intracerebral bleeding | 1,579 (0.7%) | 5,512 (0.6%) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 4,121 (1.9%) | 13,060 (1.4%) | <0.001 |
| Transfusion of blood constituents | 32,370 (14.7%) | 103,555 (10.8%) | <0.001 |
*
Information available for 1,174,135 patients.
†
High‐risk pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined as PE patients in shock and/or PE patients, who had to undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation. DVT, deep venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis of the leg veins;
Statistical significance was assumed in case of P‐value <0.05 (two‐sided) (in bold).