Table 1.
Demographics and Baseline Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients
| Variables | Total (N=118) | Male (N=63) | Female (N=55) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Severe (N=47) | Severe (N=16) | P value | Non-Severe (N=40) | Severe (N=15) | P value | ||
| Age (year) | 47.0 (39.0–57.0) | 43.0 (36.0–54.0) | 54.5 (47.0–68.0) | 0.007 | 45.5 (39.3–54.8) | 62.0 (52.0–65.0) | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 (21.9–26.7) | 24.9 (22.7–27.4) | 26.1 (24.8–28.1) | 0.127 | 22.5 (20.8–25.1) | 24.5 (22.3–27.1) | 0.050 |
| ALT (U/L) | 21.0 (14.0–34.3) | 26.0 (18.0–37.0) | 36.0 (24.0–54.5) | 0.013 | 15.5 (11.0–23.5) | 18.0 (12.0–29.0) | 0.448 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.5 (20.0–31.0) | 24.0 (20.0–30.0) | 36.5 (27.0–57.8) | 0.001 | 21.5 (18.3–26.8) | 28.0 (22.0–30.0) | 0.029 |
| ALP (U/L) | 71.0 (59.8–82.0) | 75.0 (67.0–87.0) | 69.5 (62.5–75.0) | 0.032 | 71.0 (54.0–83.8) | 61.0 (50.0–69.0) | 0.130 |
| GGT (U/L) | 25.5 (17.0–42.5) | 30.0 (23.0–47.0) | 48.0 (26.0–63.5) | 0.127 | 16.5 (13.3–22.8) | 24.0 (18.0–37.0) | 0.009 |
| TB (μmol/L) | 12.0 (8.4–16.6) | 13.1 (8.6–17.0) | 15.3 (11.4–22.3) | 0.146 | 11.3 (7.0–16.2) | 9.9 (6.3–15.5) | 0.597 |
| TP (g/L) | 69.0 (66.5–74.2) | 70.1 (66.6–74.6) | 68.3 (62.8–76.9) | 0.748 | 68.1 (66.0–74.2) | 69.0 (63.3–72.4) | 0.813 |
| ALB (g/L) | 39.6 (37.1–42.1) | 40.9 (37.6–44.5) | 37.4 (35.0–41.0) | 0.018 | 39.4 (37.6–42.1) | 38.0 (33.0–39.9) | 0.028 |
| Crea (μmol/L) | 75.0 (66.0–88.0) | 85.0 (76.5–92.0) | 87.0 (72.8–94.5) | 0.923 | 65.5 (60.0–70.8) | 67.0 (62.0–75.0) | 0.173 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.0 (3.2–5.2) | 4.4 (3.8–5.1) | 4.6 (4.0–8.2) | 0.215 | 3.4 (2.7–4.1) | 4.0 (3.1–5.6) | 0.148 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 259.0 (213.5–327.0) | 317.0 (237.8–369.3) | 255. 5 (190.3–352.0) | 0.195 | 237.5 (208.5–263.8) | 257.0 (165.0–295.0) | 0.584 |
| GLU (mmol/L) | 6.7 (5.5−8.6) | 5.9 (5.2–7.9) | 7.8 (6.9–14.0) | 0.025 | 6.7 (5.6–8.9) | 7.4 (5.5–8.3) | 0.895 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.0–2.1) | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) | 1.3 (0.9–2.4) | 0.479 | 1.1 (0.9–1.9) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.828 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.9 (3.4–4.6) | 3.8 (3.4–4.4) | 4.1 (3.7–4.9) | 0.169 | 3.7 (3.4–4.5) | 3.9 (3.2–4.2) | 0.865 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.9−1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.961 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.467 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.5 (2.2–3.1) | 2.6 (2.3–3.1) | 2.9 (2.3–3.5) | 0.198 | 2.5 (2.2–3.2) | 2.3 (1.9–2.9) | 0.199 |
| IgG (g/L) | 12.6 (10.9–14.3) | 12.2 (10.5–13.8) | 12.2 (10.0–15.9) | 0.903 | 13.3 (11.3–14.6) | 12.2 (10.7–17.5) | 0.586 |
| IgA (g/L) | 2.3 (1.8–3.0) | 2.3 (1.9–3.2) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | 0.910 | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 2.2 (1.3–2.8) | 0.234 |
| IgM (g/L) | 1.0 (0.8−1.4) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | 0.481 | 1.4 (0.9–1.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.308 |
| C3 (g/L) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.6) | 0.958 | 1.2 (1.1−1.4) | 1.2 (1.1 −1.4) | 0.824 |
| C4 (g/L) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.508 | 0.3 (0.3–0.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.074 |
| C1Q (mg/L) | 229.0 (201.5–250.0) | 226.0 (199.0–243.3) | 220.1 (182.8–243.6) | 0.460 | 228.3 (205.5–258.3) | 242.0 (211.3–278.4) | 0.492 |
| ASO (KIU/L) | 54.6 (26.2–102.3) | 56.0 (32.7–114.5) | 57.4 (26.4–129.7) | 0.965 | 30.9 (19.9–83.3) | 61.3 (39.6–146.2) | 0.063 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 10.1 (3.3–26.0) | 9.2 (4.3–22.2) | 25.3 (12.0–56.4) | 0.011 | 4.3 (1.1–14.0) | 21.3 (9.7–37.6) | 0.002 |
| WBC (×109/L) | 5.1 (4.4–6.8) | 5.0 (4.5–6.4) | 6.8 (5.7–8.6) | 0.002 | 5.0 (4.2–6.6) | 4.4 (3.8–6.2) | 0.199 |
| RBC (×1012/L) | 4.5 (4.2–4.9) | 4.9 (4.5–5.2) | 4.8 (4.2–5.3) | 0.868 | 4.3 (4.2–4.5) | 4.4 (4.1–4.5) | 0.379 |
| Neutrophil count (×109/L) | 3.4 (2.6–5.0) | 3.3 (2.4–4.5) | 5.5 (4.6–7.4) | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.6–4.5) | 3.1 (2.4–5.0) | 0.828 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.7 (0.4–0.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.0–1.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.0) | 0.001 |
| Monocyte coun (×109/L) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.402 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.325 |
| Neutrophil ratio (%) | 67.2 (58.4–76.4) | 65.4 (56.9–71.0) | 82.7 (72.8–89.8) | <0.001 | 65.0 (56.6–71.4) | 71.2 (60.5–81.9) | 0.112 |
| Lymphocyte ratio (%) | 23.5 (16.0–29.5) | 24.5 (20.1–28.1) | 10.2 (6.4–15.5) | <0.001 | 26.4 (21.1–34.2) | 21.2 (11.1–28.5) | 0.089 |
| Monocyte ratio (%) | 7.8 (5.8–10.4) | 9.3 (6.9–10.7) | 5.3 (3.5–7.8) | 0.002 | 7.2 (6.2–9.0) | 7.6 (5.1–11.3) | 0.835 |
| HB (g/L) | 135.0 (126.8–149.3) | 147.0 (135.0–157.0) | 147.0 (126.3–157.5) | 0.458 | 129.0 (123.3–135.0) | 130.0 (123.0–137.0) | 0.880 |
| PLT (×109/L) | 203.0 (165.8–247.0) | 204.0 (166.0–241.0) | 182.5 (133.5–253.5) | 0.463 | 215.0 (188.3–259.3) | 175.0 (132.0−247.0) | 0.052 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 1.4 (0.9–1.8) | 1.4 (0.9–1.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | 0.077 | 1.4 (1.1–2.1) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 0.524 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 1.5 (0.9–2.1) | 1.7 (0.9−2.2) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 0.231 | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.4 (1.1–2.3) | 0.481 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 7.4 (3.3–17.5) | 6.7 (3.1–15.6) | 16.6 (6.0–40.0) | 0.024 | 5.3 (2.7–11.9) | 10.9 (5.1–32.6) | 0.041 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 3.6 (2.6–5.7) | 3.6 (2.4–5.3) | 3.9 (3.1–8.5) | 0.081 | 3.2 (2.3–4.7) | 4.4 (3.4–8.2) | 0.019 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.2 (0.6–1.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.0) | 0.935 | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) | 1.1 (0.5–1.6) | 0.828 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 0.380 | 2.0 (1.1–3.1) | 2.1 (1.0–2.8) | 0.931 |
| Percentage of CD4+ T cells (%) | 29.9 (23.4–35.9) | 29.3 (23.6–36.4) | 23.6 (16.5–33.3) | 0.053 | 31.6 (26.7–36.6) | 28.0 (25.6–35.6) | 0.199 |
| Percentage of CD8+ T cells (%) | 23.5 (19.4–29.6) | 25.7 (20.9–33.5) | 21.2 (14.4–26.2) | 0.023 | 23.4 (20.2–28.5) | 25.9 (16.2–30.3) | 0.938 |
| Percentage of CD3+ T cells (%) | 57.3 (49.7–66.7) | 58.4 (53.5–66.9) | 44.5 (41.3–56.0) | <0.001 | 61.1 (52.0–68.0) | 54.1 (45.0–59.0) | 0.107 |
| Symptoms - no. (%) | |||||||
| Fever | 86 (72.9) | 34 (72.3) | 15 (93.8) | 0.152 | 23 (57.5) | 14 (93.3) | 0.028 |
| Cough | 58 (49.2) | 21 (44.7) | 9 (56.3) | 0.424 | 21 (52.5) | 7 (46.7) | 0.700 |
| Expectoration | 23 (19.5) | 8 (17.0) | 3 (18.8) | 1.000 | 9 (22.5) | 3 (20.0) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidity- no. (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 21 (17.8) | 9 (19.1) | 6 (37.5) | 0.251 | 4 (10.0) | 2 (13.3) | 0.660 |
| Diabetes | 11 (9.3) | 4 (8.5) | 3 (18.8) | 0.506 | 3 (7.5) | 1 (6.7) | 1.000 |
| Treatment - no. (%) | |||||||
| Oxygen inhalation | 88 (74.6) | 29 (61.7) | 16 (100.0) | 0.009 | 28 (70.0) | 15 (100.0) | 0.024 |
| Antibiotics | 35 (29.7) | 10 (21.3) | 9 (56.3) | 0.020 | 7 (17.5) | 9 (60.0) | 0.003 |
| Antiviral drug | 118 (100.0) | 47 (100.0) | 16 (100) | 40 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) | ||
| Immunoglobulin | 34 (28.8) | 2 (4.3) | 15 (93.8) | <0.001 | 4 (10.0) | 13 (86.7) | <0.001 |
| Methylprednisoloe | 35 (29.7) | 3 (6.4) | 15 (93.8) | <0.001 | 4 (10.0) | 13 (86.7) | <0.001 |
| Chinese medicine | 118 (100.0) | 47 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 40 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) | ||
Abbreviations: no. (%), number; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; TB, Total bilirubin; TP, Total protein; ALB, Albumin; Crea, Creatinine; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; UA, Uric acid; GLU, Glucose; TG, Triglyceride; TC, Total cholesterol; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; IgG, Immunoglobulin G; IgA, Immunoglobulin A; IgM, Immunoglobulin M; C3, Complement C3; C4, Complement C4; C1q, Complement C1q; ASO, Anti streptolysin O; CRP, C-reactive protein; WBC, White blood cell count; N, Neutrophil count; L, Lymphocyte count; M, Monocyte count; NR, Neutrophil ratio; LR, Lymphocyte ratio; MR, Monocyte ratio; RBC, Red blood cell count; Hb, Hemoglobin; PLT, Platelet; IL-2, Interleukin-2; IL-4, Interleukin-4; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-10, Interleukin-10; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ, Interferon-γ.