Table 2. Risk of bias assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool for analytical cross-sectional studies and the level of evidence of each included study.
| Studies | Domains | Overall Appraisal | Level of Evidence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |||
| Nasr L et al. [16] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Include | 3 |
| Belingheri M et al. [20] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Include | 3 |
| Mascarenhas AK et al. [18] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Include | 3 |
| Zigron A et al. [13] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Include | 3 |
| Riad A et al. [26] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Include | 3 |
| Papagiannis D et al. [17] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Include | 3 |
| Kateeb E et al. [12] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Include | 3 |
| Al-Sanafi M et al. [19] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Include | 3 |
| Aslam S et al. [27] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Include | 3 |
| Paramashivaih R et al. [28] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Include | 3 |
Domain 1: Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?
Domain 2: Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?
Domain 3: Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?
Domain 4: Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?
Domain 5: Were confounding factors identified?
Domain 6: Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?
Domain 7: Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?
Domain 8: Was appropriate statistical analysis used?.