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Signaling axis of TRPV1 is activated to improve mitochondrial biogenesis. Long-term activation of TRPV1 releases Ca2+ from the SR to the cytoplasm, and the increase in Ca2+ may induce PGC-1α expression through the activation of CaMKII. The activation of PGC-1α increases the expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes and upregulates mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication via TFAM (Islam et al., 2018).
