Table 1. Average direct cost for lupus and lupus nephritis patients by gender and type.

Costs by gender and type	n		Mean ($)		SD
	2014	2015	2014	2015	Change (%)	2014	2015
All	3,592	3,592	2,163	2,355	8.9	5,496	5,674
By gender
Men	356	356	2,362	2,253	- 4.6	4,760	4,363
Women	3,236	3,236	2,141	2,366	10.5	5,572	5,800
By type
No LN	3,182	2,998	1,602	1,692	5.6	3,673	3,868
LN	113	135	11,405	12,624	10.7	15,220	17,244
LN under study	297	459	4,656	3,664	- 21.3	9,574	5,642

LN: lupus nephritis; SD: standard deviation.