Table 3. Average direct cost per patient with lupus nephritis under study by type and point of service.

	n		Mean ($)			SD
	2014	2015	2014	2015	Change (%)	2014	2015
PBP by type of service
Drugs	286	456	596	587	-1.6	1,915	2,224
DME	134	203	402	328	-18.4	1,123	1,314
Procedures	294	455	2,328	1,592	-31.6	4,231	2,507
PBP by point of service
Urgent care	150	246	147	124	-15.8	200	197
Outpatient	297	459	1,055	1,459	38.3	1,766	2,439
Inpatient	195	255	2,921	1,394	-52.3	5,769	3,343
In-home	23	21	162	130	-19.8	287	157
Average direct cost per patient user	297	459	3,059	2,306	-24.6	5,334	4,011
Non-PBP	220	343	2,155	1,818	-15.6	7,265	3,968
PBP and non PBP	297	459	4,656	3,664	-21.3	9,574	5,642

SD: standard deviation; PBP: public benefit package; DME: durable medical equipment.