Figure 3. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis is required to prevent protein aggregation.

(A) Functional landscape of known interactors of ATP mutants. Negative genetic interactors of the indicated gene were derived from the SGD database (https://www.yeastgenome.org/; Cherry et al., 2012) and overlaid on a functional map based on the global genetic interaction network of the yeast genome (Baryshnikova, 2016; Usaj et al., 2017). URA6 encodes an uridylate kinase that is essential for viability, which also exhibits adenylate kinase activity. Regarding information on all the categories of functions, refer to Figure 3—figure supplement 1B. (B) Each strain of the indicated genotype was serially diluted (fivefold), spotted on SC + 2% glucose medium, and grown under the indicated stress conditions. Photos were taken after 2–3 days. (C) Formation of Hsp104-GFP foci in ATP homeostasis mutants. The GFP signal (inverted grayscale) was imaged in the log-phase culture of the indicated mutant cells expressing Hsp104-GFP at 35°C. (D) Quantification of data shown in (C). Data from similar experiments using strains expressing Pab1-GFP, instead of Hsp104-GFP, were also plotted. Values are the mean ± 1SD (error bars) (N = 4). Asterisks indicate a significant difference from WT: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001, Dunnett’s multiple comparison. White scale bar = 5 µm.

Figure 3—figure supplement 1. In silico analysis of interactors of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) mutants.

(A) Genetic and physical interactors of the indicated genes were derived from the SGD database (https://www.yeastgenome.org/; Cherry et al., 2012) and overlaid on a functional map based on the global genetic interaction network of the yeast genome (Baryshnikova, 2016; Usaj et al., 2017). URA6 encodes an uridylate kinase essential for viability, which also exhibits adenylate kinase activity. (B) A magnified version of the functional map of ADK1 shown in Figure 3A. All the categories of functions are labeled for reference.