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. 2022 Mar 14;28(4):798–808. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01718-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Morphology of mouse islets from live control, VR (cryopreserved by VR) and conventional (cryopreserved by conventional slow freezing) was evaluated by brightfield microscopy, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histology, and TEM. For the conventional group, a mixture of intact and disrupted islets was observed. Examples of disrupted islet gross morphology due to ice formation are shown in the brightfield and H&E histology. b, Viability (percentage of live control) of mouse, SC-beta, porcine and human islets from treatment groups including live control, VR, VR 9 months (islets stored in LN₂ for 9 months before rewarming), conventional (cryopreserved by conventional slow freezing) and dead control (treated by 75% ethanol). ND, not done. One-way ANOVA with Games–Howell post hoc test was used to compare groups, and P values from informative pairwise comparisons are shown (n = 3–34 per group; exact number in Supplementary Table 3). c, Confocal microscope images (AO/PI) of mouse, SC-beta, porcine and human islets from treatment groups, including live control, VR and conventional. d, TUNEL-stained images of mouse, SC-beta and human islets from treatment groups, including live control, VR and conventional. Bottom panel is Annexin V staining of mouse islets from the same treatment groups. Scale bars represent 2 µm for TEM, 50 µm for brightfield images, 70 µm for histology and TUNEL images and 100 µm for all fluorescence images. Data are shown as individual data points and mean ± s.d.