Table 1:
Baseline Characteristics of HFpEF and Healthy Control Groups
| Characteristic | HFpEF (n=75) | Healthy Controls (n=53) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participant Characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 67± 5 | 69 ± 7 | 0.042 |
| Women n (%) | 65 (87%) | 32 (60%) | 0.003 |
| White n (%) | 40 (53%) | 50 (94%) | <0.001 |
| Body Weight (kg) | 101.5 ± 15.1 | 74.1 ± 14.8 | <0.001 |
| BSA (m2) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 38.5 ± 5.0 | 25.9 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| NYHA class II | 48 (65%) | n/a | |
| NYHA class III | 26 (35%) | n/a | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 134 ± 14 | 124 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77 ± 8 | 75 ± 6 | 0.14 |
| Echocardiogram Measures | |||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 61 ± 6 | 59 ± 5 | 0.041 |
| Relative wall thickness (mm) | 0.56 ± 0.11 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic filling pattern | |||
| Normal n (%) | 0 (0%) | 53 (100%) | <0.001 |
| Impaired Relaxation n (%) | 67 (89%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Pseudonormal n (%) | 8 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 0.018 |
| Restrictive n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | n/a |
| E/e’ ratio | 12.9 ± 3.7 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| LA diameter (cm) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| CMRI Measures | |||
| LV EDV (mL) | 117.3±31.3 | 113.9±25.4 | 0.70 |
| LV EDV index (mL/m2) | 57.3±14.1 | 61.7±11.6 | 0.044 |
| LV Mass (g) | 96.3±20.3 | 93.8±18.7 | 0.51 |
| LV Mass index (g/m2) | 43.2±9.8 | 44.0±7.4 | 0.53 |
| LV Mass/Volume (g/mL) | 0.78±0.17 | 0.74±0.19 | 0.25 |
| Medical History | |||
| History of atrial fibrillation n (%) | 1 (<1%) | n/a | --- |
| History of diabetes mellitus n (%) | 26 (35%) | n/a | --- |
| History of hypertension n (%) | 71 (96%) | n/a | --- |
| Current medications | |||
| ACE-inhibitors n (%) | 26 (35%) | n/a | --- |
| Diuretics n (%) | 54 (73%) | n/a | --- |
| Beta-blockers n (%) | 30 (41%) | n/a | --- |
| Calcium Antagonists n (%) | 24 (32%) | n/a | --- |
| Nitrates n (%) | 6 (8%) | n/a | --- |
| ARBs n (%) | 25 (34%) | n/a | --- |
| Physical Function | |||
| Peak VO2 (ml/kg/min) | 14.7 ± 2.5 | 25.3 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Peak VO2 (ml/min) | 1479 ± 309 | 1865 ± 605 | <0.001 |
| Exercise Workload (METs) | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 11.1 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| 6-minute walk distance (meters) | 420 ± 64 | 563 ± 71 | <0.001 |
| Quality of Life | |||
| KCCQ Score | 63 ± 15 | 98 ± 2 | <0.001 |
Values shown as means ± standard deviation or frequency (%). Abbreviations: ESA, body surface area; body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; LV, left ventricle; E, E-wave velocity; e’, early mitral annulus velocity (septal); EP, blood pressure; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARE angiotensin receptor blocker; n/a, not applicable.