Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Total (N=62262) | Training set (N=37904) | Tuning set (N=12173) | Validation set (N=12185) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Age | 56.2 ± 8.2 | 56.2 ± 8.2 | 56.2 ± 8.1 | 56.2 ± 8.2 | 0.759 |
| <60 years | 33291 (53.5) | 20345 (53.7) | 6497 (53.4) | 6449 (52.9) | |
| ≥60 years | 28971 (46.5) | 17559 (46.3) | 5676 (46.6) | 5736 (47.1) | |
| Sex | 0.856 | ||||
| Women | 34220 (55.0) | 20819 (54.9) | 6717 (55.2) | 6684 (54.9) | |
| Men | 28042 (45.0) | 17085 (45.1) | 5456 (44.8) | 5501 (45.1) | |
| Race | 0.555 | ||||
| White | 56666 (91.6) | 34471 (91.5) | 11053 (91.5) | 11142 (92.1) | |
| Asian | 2010 (3.3) | 1255 (3.3) | 396 (3.3) | 359 (3.0) | |
| Black | 1751 (2.8) | 1060 (2.8) | 363 (3.0) | 328 (2.7) | |
| Others | 902 (1.5) | 561 (1.5) | 171 (1.4) | 170 (1.4) | |
| Mixed | 516 (0.8) | 312 (0.8) | 100 (0.8) | 104 (0.9) | |
| Systolic blood pressure | 139.7 ± 19.6 | 139.7 ± 19.6 | 139.7 ± 19.7 | 139.6 ± 19.6 | 0.839 |
| <140 mmHg | 33061 (53.1) | 20139 (53.2) | 6402 (52.6) | 6520 (53.5) | |
| ≥140 mmHg | 29162 (46.9) | 17741 (46.8) | 5761 (47.4) | 5660 (46.5) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 82.0 ± 10.7 | 82.0 ± 10.7 | 81.9 ± 10.8 | 81.9 ± 10.6 | 0.894 |
| <90 mmHg | 47808 (76.8) | 29117 (76.9) | 9340 (76.8) | 9351 (76.8) | |
| ≥90 mmHg | 14415 (23.2) | 8763 (23.1) | 2823 (23.2) | 2829 (23.2) | |
| Body mass index | 27.3 ± 4.8 | 27.3 ± 4.8 | 27.2 ± 4.7 | 27.3 ± 4.8 | 0.189 |
| <30.0 kg/m2 | 47199 (76.2) | 28667 (76.0) | 9301 (76.8) | 9231 (76.1) | |
| ≥30.0 kg/m2 | 14741 (23.8) | 9040 (24.0) | 2803 (23.2) | 2898 (23.9) | |
| Waist circumference | 90.0 ± 13.5 | 90.1 ± 13.5 | 89.9 ± 13.3 | 90.0 ± 13.6 | 0.532 |
| <102 cm (men) or <88 cm (women) | 41211 (66.4) | 25028 (66.2) | 8105 (66.8) | 8078 (66.5) | |
| ≥102 cm (men) or ≥88 cm (women) | 20864 (33.6) | 12761 (33.8) | 4026 (33.2) | 4077 (33.5) | |
| Family history of diabetes | 26773 (43.0) | 16395 (43.3) | 5163 (42.4) | 5215 (42.8) | 0.234 |
| Lifestyle behavior | 0.841 | ||||
| Unfavorable lifestyle | 6694 (11.2) | 4091 (11.3) | 1319 (11.3) | 1284 (11.0) | |
| Intermediate lifestyle | 19938 (33.5) | 12101 (33.4) | 3890 (33.4) | 3947 (33.9) | |
| Favorable lifestyle | 32872 (55.2) | 20025 (55.3) | 6439 (55.3) | 6408 (55.1) | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.14 ± 0.98 | 5.14 ± 0.99 | 5.15 ± 0.99 | 5.13 ± 0.90 | 0.219 |
| <7.0 mmol/L | 53199 (97.6) | 32343 (97.5) | 10430 (97.8) | 10426 (97.5) | |
| ≥7.0 mmol/L | 1334 (2.4) | 826 (2.5) | 238 (2.2) | 270 (2.5) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 0.376 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.9 ± 6.4 | 36.0 ± 6.6 | 35.9 ± 6.2 | 35.9 ± 6.2 | 0.376 |
| <5.7% | 45146 (85.1) | 27442 (85.1) | 8871 (85.5) | 8833 (84.9) | |
| 5.7–6.4% | 8776 (15.6) | 5374 (15.7) | 1679 (15.3) | 1723 (15.7) | |
| ≥6.5% | 1848 (3.3) | 1135 (3.3) | 351 (3.2) | 362 (3.3) | |
| Prediabetes | 7891 (14.9) | 4818 (14.9) | 1508 (14.5) | 1565 (15.1) | 0.516 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 2691 (4.8) | 1677 (4.9) | 504 (4.6) | 510 (4.7) | 0.297 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.69 ± 1.13 | 5.69 ± 1.13 | 5.68 ± 1.12 | 5.71 ± 1.13 | 0.126 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.67 ± 0.96 | 1.67 ± 0.95 | 1.67 ± 0.98 | 1.66 ± 0.97 | 0.255 |
| <1.70 mmol/L | 35996 (62.9) | 21726 (62.4) | 7190 (64.1) | 7080 (63.2) | |
| ≥1.70 mmol/L | 21231 (37.1) | 13090 (37.6) | 4026 (35.9) | 4115 (36.8) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.48 ± 0.39 | 1.48 ± 0.39 | 1.48 ± 0.39 | 1.49 ± 0.39 | 0.073 |
| ≥1.03 mmol/L (men) or ≥1.29 mmol/L (women) | 44312 (81.2) | 26866 (80.9) | 8776 (82.2) | 8670 (81.0) | |
| <1.03 mmol/L (men) or <1.29 mmol/L (women) | 10268 (18.8) | 6330 (19.1) | 1904 (17.8) | 2034 (19.0) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.54 ± 0.86 | 3.53 ± 0.86 | 3.53 ± 0.85 | 3.55 ± 0.86 | 0.131 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 4149 (6.7) | 2526 (6.7) | 807 (6.6) | 816 (6.7) | 0.928 |
Data are n (%) or mean (SD).