Table 2.
Performance of deep learning algorithm for the prediction of traditional risk factors for type 2 diabetes
| Predicted risk factor | AUC (95% CI) | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | R2 (95% CI) per 1 unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Age (<60 vs. ≥60 years) | 0.931 (0.928–0.934) | 0.852 (0.847–0.856) | 0.852 (0.847–0.856) | 0.834 (0.827–0.840) | 0.868 (0.863–0.873) | 0.783 (0.778–0.789) |
| Sex (Women vs. Men) | 0.933 (0.929–0.936) | 0.854 (0.849–0.859) | 0.854 (0.849–0.859) | 0.826 (0.819–0.833) | 0.878 (0.873–0.883) | NA |
| Hypertension (BP <140/90 mmHg vs. ≥140/90 mmHg) | 0.763 (0.757–0.769) | 0.693 (0.687–0.699) | 0.693 (0.687–0.699) | 0.689 (0.681–0.697) | 0.698 (0.689–0.706) | Systolic BP 0.304 (0.294–0.314) Diastolic BP 0.233 (0.223–0.244) |
| Obese (BMI <30 kg/m2 vs. ≥30 kg/m2) | 0.648 (0.639–0.656) | 0.604 (0.597–0.612) | 0.604 (0.597–0.612) | 0.322 (0.312–0.332) | 0.831 (0.825–0.837) | 0.074 (0.067–0.081) |
| Central obesity (WC <102 cm (men) or <88 cm (women) vs. ≥102 cm (men) or ≥88 cm (women)) | 0.628 (0.620–0.635) | 0.590 (0.583–0.597) | 0.590 (0.583–0.597) | 0.418 (0.409–0.428) | 0.741 (0.734–0.749) | 0.144 (0.134–0.154) |
| Cardiovascular disease (no vs. yes) | 0.658 (0.644–0.673) | 0.623 (0.608–0.637) | 0.623 (0.608–0.637) | 0.105 (0.098–0.113) | 0.959 (0.955–0.962) | NA |
| Unfavorable lifestyle (no vs. yes) | 0.511 (0.498–0.523) | 0.508 (0.498–0.517) | 0.508 (0.498–0.517) | 0.894 (0.888–0.899) | 0.112 (0.107–0.118) | NA |
| Triglyceride (<1.70 mmol/L vs. ≥1.70 mmol/L) | 0.546 (0.538–0.554) | 0.534 (0.527–0.541) | 0.534 (0.527–0.541) | 0.399 (0.389–0.408) | 0.664 (0.655–0.673) | −0.028 (−0.035–−0.021) |
| HDL cholesterol (≥1.03 mmol/L (men) or ≥1.29 mmol/L (women) vs. <1.03 mmol/L (men) or <1.29 mmol/L (women)) |
0.534 (0.524–0.545) | 0.523 (0.514–0.532) | 0.523 (0.514–0.532) | 0.205 (0.197–0.214) | 0.823 (0.815–0.830) | 0.082 (0.073–0.091) |
| HbA1c (<5.7% vs. ≥5.7%) | 0.648 (0.637–0.658) | 0.600 (0.590–0.610) | 0.600 (0.590–0.610) | 0.201 (0.192–0.211) | 0.899 (0.894–0.904) | 0.061 (0.054–0.069) |
| HbA1c (<6.5% vs. ≥6.5%) | 0.734 (0.715–0.752) | 0.676 (0.656–0.693) | 0.676 (0.656–0.693) | 0.066 (0.059–0.073) | 0.984 (0.982–0.986) | |
| Glucose (<7.0 mmol/L vs. ≥7.0 mmol/L) | 0.672 (0.648–0.694) | 0.631 (0.608–0.651) | 0.631 (0.608–0.651) | 0.043 (0.038–0.048) | 0.985 (0.983–0.987) | −0.005 (−0.009–−0.001) |
AUC, area under the curve; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predicted value; NA, not applicable; BP, blood pressure; WC, waist circumference