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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mov Disord. 2021 Dec 29;37(4):847–853. doi: 10.1002/mds.28895

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

A) List of brainstem nuclei relevant for iRBD and/or for synucleinopathy progression (according to the Braak hypothesis4). These nuclei are involved in motor and/or arousal functions (as marked in the appropriate columns). B) Probabilistic atlas labels of 11 brainstem nuclei relevant for iRBD/premanifest-synucleinopathy, previously published5–7 and used as seeds and brainstem targets in this study. C) Additional probabilistic atlas labels of nine nuclei relevant for iRBD/premanifest-synucleinopathy generated in the current work (11 nuclei are shown because two nuclei, iMRt and sMRt, displayed two subregions, a lateral larger subregion – l – and a medial smaller subregion – m). Very good (i.e., up to 100%) spatial agreement of labels across subjects was observed indicating the feasibility of delineating the probabilistic label of these nuclei. D) Validation of the nuclei displayed in C). Upper row: inter-rater agreement of nuclei labels (bar/error bar = mean/SE modified Hausdorff distance across 12 subjects). Middle row: internal consistency of nuclei labels across subjects (bar/error bar = mean/SE modified Hausdorff distance across 12 subjects). All the nuclei displayed good spatial overlap across raters and subjects (the modified Hausdorff distance was smaller than the spatial imaging resolution, one-sided t-test, p < 0.05), thus validating the probabilistic nuclei template. Lower row: The nuclei volume from the literature (for detail information see Supplementary Table 2) and the volume (mean ± SE across subjects) of each final label in native space are shown. Note that, except for sMRt nucleus, the latter did not differ from the former (two-sided t-test, p < 0.05), thus further validating the generated probabilistic atlas. Nuclei abbreviations: Locus coeruleus (LC), Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus- Central Gray of the rhombencephalon (LDTg-CGPn), Pontine Reticular Nucleus, oral part- Pontine Reticular Nucleus, caudal part (PnO-PnC), Subcoeruleus (SubC), Raphe Obscurus (ROb), Raphe Pallidus (RPa), Parvicellular Reticular nucleus Alpha-part (PCRtA), Inferior Medullary Reticular formation (iMRt), lateral (iMRtl) and medial (iMRtm) part, Superior Medullary Reticular formation (sMRt), lateral (sMRtl) and medial (sMRtm) part.