a Transcriptional activation assay in yeast. Yeast cells were spotted on the indicated plates and grown at low (22 °C) or high (30 °C) temperatures for 96 h. BD, binding domain; AD, activation domain; SD-2, plates lacking Trp and Leu; SD-3 + 2 mM 3-AT, plates lacking Trp, Leu, and His, plus 2 mM 3-aminotriazole. b, c Protein levels of GFP-OsMS1 and GFP-OsMS1wenmin1 are temperature-dependent in yeast cells (b) and N. benthamiana (c). N. benthamiana were incubated at 22 °C for 44 h and then transferred to the indicated temperatures for another 4 h before detecting the GFP signals. Red arrows indicate nuclei, white arrows indicate cytoplasm. d Quantitative analysis of (c). The GFP-OsMS1 and GFP-OsMS1wenmin1 protein levels were quantitated and normalized to the mCherry level. P values indicate the significant differences relative to GFP-OsMS1 at 22 °C. e Dual-luciferase system. LUC, firefly luciferase. Ren-LUC, Renilla luciferase. f Relative luciferase activity of OsMS1-LUC and OsMS1wenmin1-LUC in N. benthamiana plants during the low temperature to high-temperature transition. g
OsMS1 and OsMS1wenmin1 mRNA levels as in (f). h–j Protein levels of OsMS1-GUS and OsMS1wenmin1-GUS are temperature-dependent in rice. pOsMS1:OsMS1-GUS and pOsMS1:OsMS1wenmin1-GUS transgenic plants were grown at 22 °C or 30 °C in growth chamber. Protein levels of OsMS1-GUS and OsMS1wenmin1-GUS were detected by GUS-staining of transgenic plant spikelets at stage 9 (h). OsMS1-GUS (i, left) and OsMS1wenmin1-GUS (j, left) proteins were detected by ani-GUS antibody. Quantifications of OsMS1-GUS (i, right) and OsMS1wenmin1-GUS (j, right) protein levels were relative to ACTIN. Scale bars, 5 μm (b), 50 μm (c), 1 mm (h). In d, f, g, i (right) and j (right). Data are presented as means ± s.e.m. (n = 6 biological replicates for d, n = 3 biological replicates for f, g, i, and j). Two-tailed unpaired t-test was used for statistical analysis. n.s., not significant. Source data are provided as a Source data file.