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. 2022 Apr 19;12:6428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09990-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The cinnabar and white genes of GWSS. (a,b) The structure of the GWSS cn and w genes. Exons containing untranslated regions (white bars) and coding regions (black bars), introns (lines), PCR primers (black arrows), and sequence of sgRNA regions (underlined), and PAM sites (red) are shown. The target site of sgRNAs in indicated with a red arrow. Conserved protein domains identified by SMART tool included cinnabar’s FAD-binding (navy) and two transmembrane domains (maroon) and white’s conserved AAA motif (brown), ABC2 (teal), and transmembrane domain (maroon). Scale bars = 1000 bp. (c) Phylogenetic tree of cinnabar, pale and vermillion proteins that encode enzymes of the ommochrome pathway (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, respectively). (d) Phylogenetic tree of white, brown and scarlet ABC transporters. (e) The ommochrome and pteridine pathways of Drosophila melanogaster.