Fig. 2. Reported species model in each paper sampled across our survey.

a Rodents (mice (n = 1178) and rats (n = 681)) were the most common species by studies in the papers from the neuroscience journals analysed. b Human subjects (n = 550) were the most common species used by studies in the papers in the psychiatry journals analysed. Sample sizes (n) are the number of papers that reported studies that used the model systems and will total to greater than 3193 as some papers reported studies used two or more model systems. c Breakdown of type of cell line used in studies reported in the papers. The largest proportion of papers reported studies that used primary cell lines. Of the papers that reported studies that used cell lines, the majority reported use of primary cell culture (n = 291). The other types of cell line reported in the papers were stem cell derivatives (n = 54), immortalised with other cell types (n = 105), embryonic (n = 115), and immortalised only (n = 34). Sample sizes are the number of papers and will total greater than 397 as some papers reported studies used two or more cell lines. We relied on the paper to distinguish whether cell lines were conducted in males or females, regardless of the cell line used, and if information was not available on the sex of the cells, they were categorised as sex not reported. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.