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. 2022 Apr 19;13:2137. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29903-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Plotted are the percentage of proportional papers within each journal and year, n = the number of research papers within each category. a Percentage of papers reporting studies using both sexes in any aspect of the paper, regardless of consistency or balanced ratios. The percentage of papers reporting studies including males and females increased significantly for neuroscience (Newman–Keul’s post hoc p = 0.003, two-tailed) but not psychiatry papers (interaction effect of year by discipline: F(1,8) = 8.844, p = 0.017, Newman–Keul’s post hoc p = 0.319, two-tailed). Number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 316, 2019 n = 646; psychiatry 2009 n = 288, 2019 n = 249. b Percentage of papers reporting studies using both sexes consistently throughout the paper with balanced ratios of the sexes. Number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 130, 2019 n = 158; psychiatry 2009 n = 103, 2019 n = 87. c Percentage of papers not reporting sex (sex omission) was decreased in the neuroscience discipline; discipline by year interaction (F(1,8) = 45.21, p = 0.0001, Newman–Keul’s post hoc p = 0.0002, two-tailed). Number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 617, 2019 n = 25; psychiatry 2009 n = 34, 2019 n = 14. Means +/− standard error of the mean. d Unbalanced design (i.e., more than 60% of the subjects were one sex) was 34.52% of all papers including both sexes Number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 105, 2019 n = 154; psychiatry 2009 n = 142, 2019 n = 98. e Papers reporting studies using both sexes but not disclosing sample sizes, increased in the neuroscience sample (a priori p = 0.015; interaction (F(1, 8) = 3.73, p = 0.089) but not in the psychiatry sample (p = 0.717). Number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 69, 2019 n = 304; psychiatry 2009 n = 27, 2019 n = 38. f Inconsistent use of sex within the studies reported in a paper (i.e., using a balanced ratio in one study within the paper, and an unbalanced ratio or one sex in the other studies within the paper) accounted for 15.11% of papers that we had identified as reporting studies using males and females Number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 55, 2019 n = 102; psychiatry 2009 n = 17, 2019 n = 34. Means ∓ standard error of the mean. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.