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. 2022 Apr 19;13:2137. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29903-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Plotted are the percentage of proportional papers within each journal and year, n = the number of research papers within each category. a Percentage of papers reporting studies using only one sex across years and disciplines. Male-only papers (26.96%) were 8.2 times higher than female-only (3.29%) papers (main effect of sex: F(1,8) = 324.39, p < 0.0001; number of papers: male-only: neuroscience 2009 n = 322, 2019 n = 229; psychiatry 2009 n = 184, 2019 n = 123; female-only neuroscience 2009 n = 55, 2019 n = 35; psychiatry 2009 n = 23, 2019 n = 10). b Of the studies using an unbalanced ratio of sex, there were more studies with greater proportion of males compared to females (number of papers: Male-skew: neuroscience 2009 n = 56, 2019 n = 84; psychiatry 2009 n = 97, 2019 n = 60; female-skew neuroscience 2009 n = 56, 2019 n = 70; psychiatry 2009 n = 51, 2019 n = 39). As the percentage is proportionally based on the number of publications that year per journal the number of papers will vary differently that the proportional representation. c Breakdown of the type of analyses used by papers that used both sexes. Categories of sex analysis include: main effect of sex, sexes analysed separately, sex analysed as a discovery variable, statistics not given (i.e., authors of the paper state some analysis was done but did not provide any statistics) mixed (i.e., any combination of analyses, which may or may not be consistent throughout the study), and sex as a covariate. Number of papers: main effect: neuroscience 2009 n = 4, 2019 n = 12; psychiatry 2009 n = 8, 2019 n = 5; sex analysed separately: neuroscience 2009 n = 9, 2019 n = 22; psychiatry 2009 n = 12, 2019 n = 19; analysed as discovery: neuroscience 2009 n = 9, 2019 n = 27; psychiatry 2009 n = 24, 2019 n = 34; stats not given: neuroscience 2009 n = 11, 2019 n = 32; psychiatry 2009 n = 8, 2019 n = 7; mixed: neuroscience 2009 n = 5, 2019 n = 19; psychiatry 2009 n = 39, 2019 n = 38; covariate: neuroscience 2009 n = 6, 2019 n = 33; psychiatry 2009 n = 54, 2019 n = 75. d Majority of papers using both sexes did not analyse by sex, but this decreased slightly over 10 years. Number of papers: neuroscience 2009 n = 270, 2019 n = 498; psychiatry 2009 n = 143, 2019 n = 76. e Any analysis of sex in studies using both sexes. Psychiatry papers were more likely to perform any type of sex analysis than neuroscience papers. Neuroscience 2009 n = 46, 2019 n = 148; psychiatry 2009 n = 145, 2019 n = 173. Means ∓ standard error of the mean. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.