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. 2022 Apr 19;13(4):371. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04831-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — A Representative confocal images of NOX4 and GFAP expression in astrocytes at 48 h Rp. Arrows: high expression. Arrowheads: low expression. B (i) Summary data shows quantification of NOX4 fluorescence signal intensity in GFAP⁺ astrocytes. (ii) Fluorescence intensity profiles of NOX4 and GFAP signals generated across the image. Note the increased overlap of the NOX4 and GFAP signals in wild-type brains. Data are mean ± SD, n = 6. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 via one-way ANOVA. C Representative confocal images of NOX4 and GFAP expression in control, OGD/R and OGD/R + HOE642 treated astrocytes in cultures. Arrows: high expression. Arrowheads: low expression. D Summary data shows quantification of NOX4 fluorescence signal intensity in GFAP⁺ astrocytes. Data are mean ± SD, n = 6. *p < 0.05 via one-way ANOVA. E NOX activity detected using lucigenin chemiluminescence assay and expressed as relative luminescence unit (RLU)/min. Data shown are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 8. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 via one-way ANOVA. F Representative DCFH-DA fluorescent images of normoxic, OGD/R, OGD/R + HOE642 and OGD/R + DPI treated astrocytes in cultures. Arrows: high expression. Arrowheads: low expression. G Summary data shows quantification of DCFH-DA fluorescence signal intensity in astrocytes. Data are mean ± SD, n = 5. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 via one-way ANOVA. H Representative confocal images of LCN2 and GFAP expression in control, OGD/R, OGD/R + HOE642, OGD/R + DPI and OGD/R + GKT137831 treated astrocytes in cultures. Arrows: high expression. Arrowheads: low expression. I Summary data shows quantification of LCN2 and GFAP fluorescence signal intensity in astrocytes. Data are mean ± SD, n = 5. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 via one-way ANOVA.