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. 2022 Apr 19;13:2034. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29782-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a A dual-phase honeycomb shell (DPHS) nanostructure. b Instability temperature versus average grain size. Literature data for metals processed with electrodeposition¹⁴, severe plastic deformation^29–31, thermo-mechanical treatment^32,33, surface mechanical attrition^2,9, and mechanical alloying⁸. The error bar indicates the standard deviation of the measured grain size. c Tensile strength versus elongation. Literature data for titanium alloys in the ASTM standard and ultrafine grained Ti6Al4V alloys^15,16. Error bars indicate standard deviations of the measured strength and elongation. d Stress versus strain curves at 923 K, showing the superplasticity of the Ti6Al4V5Cu alloy.