Fig. 5. Site-level CH₄ emission data for low production well sites.

a Lorenz curve showing the cumulative fraction of absolute CH₄ emissions as functions of cumulative fraction of sites. The top 5% of sites (dashed vertical line) account for ~50% of total CH₄ emissions. The shaded dark red area shows the 10⁴ Lorenz curves derived via a nonparametric bootstrapping of the empirical data, from which the contribution of the top 5% of sites to the total CH₄ emissions are obtained (${\eta }_{\mathrm{high}}$, see Supplementary Fig. 22). Inset is the cumulative distribution function for site-level CH₄ emissions, with a dashed vertical line showing the emission rate threshold for the top 5% of high-emitting sites. b Histogram of the frequency of finding a high-emitting site based on 10⁴ random bootstrap samples of the empirical data. c Histogram of the frequency of below-detection-limit sites. d Histogram of the central estimates of high-emitter CH₄ leakage rates.