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. 2022 Apr 19;12:6416. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08163-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages from THP-1. (a) Gene expression of the monocyte marker CD14 and monocyte/macrophage marker CD68 in macrophages differentiated from THP-1 monocytes. (b) Expression of the proinflammatory markers CXCL10, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-12. (c) Expression of the anti- inflammatory markers CD163, CD2206, and IL-10 and angiogenesis marker VEGF. The relative gene expression values were calculated using the delta cycle-threshold (ΔCt) method. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate statistical significance. (d) Immunofluorescence staining of CD68 (green), IL-6 (green), and TGF-β (green) and DAPI-stained nucleus (blue). Scale bar indicates 100 µm. ns non-significant, MΦ macrophage.