Table 3.
Clinical investigations using exosomal lncRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers
| Type of cancer | Body fluid | Main findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer (CRC) | Serum | Correlation of exoCRNDE-h levels with CRC regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. ExoCRNDE-h levels can differentiate CRC from patients with benign disease and healthy donors. n = 148 | [99] |
| CRC | Plasma | Upregulation of exoLNCV6_116109, 98390, 38772, 108266, 84003, and 98602 in early CRC stages. n = 100 | [100] |
| Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | Serum | Lower expression levels of Exo-GAS5 in NSCLC patients than healthy donors. Higher Exo-GAS5 in early stages. Exo-GAS5 is a better prognostic marker than carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Lower expression of Exo-GAS5 correlates with larger tumors. n = 104 | [36] |
| Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) | Serum | Exo HOTAIR expression higher in GBM patients. n = 83 | [33] |
| Breast cancer (BC) | Serum | Exo HOTAIR higher expressed in BC patients than in healthy donors. High expression of Exo HOTAIR correlates with poor disease free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and tamoxifen hormone therapy. Exo HOTAIR better prognostic and diagnostic biomarker than CA 15-3. n = 30 | [101] |
| Bladder cancer | Urine | Exo MALAT1, PCAT-1 and SPRY4-IT1 overexpressed in bladder cancer patients. High expression of PCAT-1 and SPRY4-IT1 correlates with TNM stage. n = 160 | [35] |
| Bladder cancer | Urine | Exo UCA1-201 expression levels can discriminate between patients suffering from bladder cancer, nonmalignant urinary related disorders and healthy donors. n = 108 | [102] |
| Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) | Saliva | OSCC patients expressed MALAT-1. Higher HOTAIR expression in patients with lymph node metastasis. n = 20 | [34] |
| NSCLC | Serum | Exo RP11-838N2.4 as a potential target to predict response of NSCL patients to erlotinib treatment. n = 78 | [103] |
| BC | Serum | Exo SNHG14 higher expressed in resistant patients to trastuzumab treatment. Increased Ex SNHG14 expression associated with metastasis and cardiac toxicity. n = 72 | [104] |
| Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) | Plasma | High levels of Exo lnARSR associated to sunitinib resistance. LnARSR have to be packed into exosomes to exert resistance. Exo lnARSR is a therapeutic target. n = 74 | [17] |