Table 2.
Changes in metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors after 12 weeks of intensive lifestyle intervention in real-world clinical practice.
| Physical program (PP) | Virtual program | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 weeks | Change from baseline | Baseline | 12 weeks | Change from baseline | p value | |
| Weight (kg) | 104.7 (17.7) | 97.9 (16.6)* | −6.9 (−8.4 to −5.3) | 99 (20.8) | 91.6 (18.87)* | −7.4 (−9.4 to −5.5) | 0.6 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 36.1 (5.06) | 33.78 (5.02)* | −2.3 (−2.8 to −1.8) | 33.4 (6.3) | 31 (5.9)* | −2.4 (−3 to −1.9) | 0.7 |
| A1C (%) | 7.9 (1.09) | 6.9 (0.62)** | −1 (−1.5 to −0.45) | 7.7 (1.3) | 6.7 (0.55)** | −1.03 (−1.6 to −0.4) | 0.9 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.4 (15.8) | 123.18 (11.8) | −5.18 (−11.3 to 0.97) | 129.7 (12.5) | 121.3 (10.3) | −8.4 (−19.5 to 2.5) | 0.5 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.3 (10.8) | 74.9 (8.5) | −1.36 (−6 to 3.3) | 76 (9.8) | 72 (7.7) | −4.8 (−9.6 to 1.29) | 0.4 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 158.7 (29) | 151.6 (32.9) | −6.8 (−18.4 to 4.7) | 144 (32.2) | 127.7 (26)** | −15.4 (−28.4 to −2.3) | 0.3 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 83.4 (28.7) | 81 (31.7) | −2.26 (−12.8 to 8.3) | 81.7 (27.3) | 67.9 (18) | −13.8 (−32 to 4.4) | 0.2 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 51.9 (15.3) | 51.9 (16.6) | 0 (−3.17 to 3.17) | 46 (14.8) | 48 (14.7) | 2 (−1 to 5) | 0.3 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 173 (164.5) | 119.5 (76.3) | −53.5 (−117.4 to 10.3) | 181.1 (189) | 121 (81.5) | −60 (−125.5 to 5.5) | 0.8 |
| UACR (µg/mg) | 107.8 (227.5) | 36.1 (46) | −60 (−147 to 27) | 134.4 (314) | 57 (131) | −70 (−195 to 55) | 0.8 |
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | 7.2 (6.2) | 5.3 (3.25) | −1.9 (−5.8 to 1.95) | 1.8 (1.7) | 1.92 (2.16) | 0.114 (−1.06 to 1.29) | 0.3 |
| Number of diabetes medications | 2.5 (0.9) | 1.77 (0.97)* | −0.8 (−1.13 to −0.4) | 2.8 (0.98) | 1.9 (1)* | −0.9 (−1.3 to −0.5) | 0.5 |
| Number of antihypertensive medications | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.09 (1.01)** | −0.18 (−0.35 to −0.006) | 1.06 (0.9) | 1 (1.03) | −0.06 (−0.2 to 0.07) | 0.3 |
| Time in range (%) | 69 (27) | 72 (23) | 3.2 (−5.2 to 11) | 77 (20) | 87 (14) | 10.2 (−1.09 to 21) | 0.3 |
| Patients on insulin (%) | 68.2 (47) | 45.5 (50) | −22.7 (−42 to −3.7) | 62.5 (50) | 31.2 (48) | −31.2 (−56.7 to −5.7) | 0.6 |
| <70 mg/dl (%) | 15 (15) | 46 (90) | 31 (−15 to 77) | 15 (21) | 12 (13) | −3.7 (−16 to 8.3) | 0.1 |
| >180 mg/dl (%) | 56.5 (28.3) | 27.1 (26)* | −29 (−41.8 to −17) | 64.5 (65) | 10.6 (13)** | −54 (−103 to −4.6) | 0.3 |
| TDD (units) | 56.5 (28.4) | 27.1 (26.5)* | −29 (−41.8 to −17) | 64.5 (66) | 10.6 (13)* | −54 (−103 to −4.6) | 0.3 |
Data are given as mean (SD) or mean (95% CI). P value = change from baseline between PP and VP. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
*
p < 0.001 compared with baseline. **p < 0.05 compared with baseline.