Table 2.
Imaging characteristics.
| PD-S | PD-NS | HC-S | HC-NS | p values | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 39) | (n = 90) | (n = 26) | (n = 43) | 4 groups | PD-S versus PD-NS | PD-S versus HC-S | PD-S versus HC-NS | PD-NS versus HC-S | PD-NS versus HC-NS | HC-S versus HC-NS | |
| Caudate_L SBRs | 2.08 ± 0.55 | 2.07 ± 0.57 | 2.93 ± 0.49 | 3.26 ± 0.77 | <0.001 a * | 0.956 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.031 |
| Caudate_R SBRs | 2.10 ± 0.63 | 2.03 ± 0.54 | 2.92 ± 0.49 | 3.24 ± 0.75 | <0.001 a * | 0.539 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.036 |
| Putamen_L SBRs | 0.76 ± 0.29 | 0.83 ± 0.35 | 2.09 ± 0.51 | 2.40 ± 0.65 | <0.001 a * | 0.419 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| Putamen_R SBRs | 0.87 ± 0.38 | 0.83 ± 0.31 | 2.08 ± 0.48 | 2.36 ± 0.69 | <0.001 a * | 0.659 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.013 |
| TIV | 1525.33 ± 148.30 | 1535.29 ± 167.98 | 1505.83 ± 149.68 | 1507.83 ± 151.58 | 0.742 a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| mPFC volume | 0.356 ± 0.061 | 0.382 ± 0.050 | 0.401 ± 0.050 | 0.360 ± 0.055 | 0.001 a * | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.748 | 0.116 | 0.026 | 0.002 |
| Normalized mPFC volume | 0.234 ± 0.035 | 0.250 ± 0.025 | 0.270 ± 0.025 | 0.240 ± 0.033 | <0.001 a * | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.382 | 0.008 | 0.064 | <0.001 |
| Caudate_L volume | 2.51 ± 0.41 | 2.57 ± 0.37 | 2.53 ± 0.29 | 2.44 ± 0.36 | 0.278 a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Caudate_R volume | 2.58 ± 0.44 | 2.67 ± 0.45 | 2.64 ± 0.32 | 2.52 ± 0.43 | 0.248 a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Putamen_L volume | 3.15 ± 0.49 | 3.26 ± 0.52 | 3.16 ± 0.48 | 3.21 ± 0.55 | 0.683 a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Putamen_R volume | 3.00 ± 0.38 | 3.13 ± 0.45 | 3.07 ± 0.43 | 3.10 ± 0.49 | 0.547 a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Normalized Caudate_L volume | 1.64 ± 0.23 | 1.69 ± 0.28 | 1.69 ± 0.19 | 1.63 ± 0.24 | 0.799 b | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Normalized Caudate_R volume | 1.70 ± 0.25 | 1.76 ± 0.32 | 1.76 ± 0.21 | 1.68 ± 0.29 | 0.640 b | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Normalized Putamen_L volume | 2.07 ± 0.31 | 2.14 ± 0.36 | 2.12 ± 0.37 | 2.14 ± 0.38 | 0.795 a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Normalized Putamen_R volume | 1.98 ± 0.24 | 2.06 ± 0.34 | 2.06 ± 0.36 | 2.07 ± 0.34 | 0.536 a | – | – | – | – | – | – |
HC-NS, healthy controls without regular smoking history; HC-S, healthy controls with regular smoking history; L, left; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PD-NS, PD patients without regular smoking history; PD-S, PD patients with regular smoking history; R, right; SBRs, striatal binding ratios; TIV, Total intracranial volume.
a
One-way ANOVA
b
Kruskal–Wallis H test
c
Mann–Whitney U test
– indicates post hoc test was not further performed if there was no statistical difference among the four groups in the one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis H test.
*
Significance level for comparisons is p < 0.0033 (after Bonferroni correction).