TABLE 3.
Studies on the therapeutic effects of quercetin in colorectal cancer.
| Type of Quercetin | Dose | Targets | Results | Model (in vitro/in vivo/Human) | Cell Line | Refrence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quercetin | 50 mg/kg | TAG72, GAL3, Wnt5a, colon and Axin-1 | Induced apoptosis | In vivo | — | Ahmed et al. (2016) |
| Quercetin | 4.5 g/kg | COX-1, COX-2, iNOS | Antiproliferation and induced apoptosis | In vivo | — | Warren et al. (2009) |
| Quercetin | 50 g/kg | — | Fewer ACF | In vivo | — | Gee et al. (2002) |
| Quercetin | 5 µM | MMP-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin, TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-6 | Anti-metastatic and anti-invasion | In vitro | Caco-2 | Han et al. (2016) |
| Quercetin | 12 µM | p53, mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and siRNA | Increased the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of 5-FU | In vitro | CO-115 and HCT-15 | Xavier et al. (2011) |
| Quercetin | 50 µM | NF-κB | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Jin et al. (2016) |
| Quercetin | 75 µM | G2/M | Antiproliferation and induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Atashpour et al. (2015) |
| Quercetin | 0–200 µM | Akt, p53, Bcl-2 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Yang et al. (2016) |
| Quercetin | 25 and 50 µM | Sestrin 2, AMPK, mTOR, and ROS | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HCT-116 | Kim et al. (2013) |
| Quercetin | 25 and 50 µM | MAPK, sestrin 2, and ROS | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Kim et al. (2014b) |
| Quercetin | 20 and 15 μM | MAPK and PI3 K | Antiproliferation and induced apoptosis | In vitro | HCT-15 and CO-115 | Xavier et al. (2009) |
| Quercetin | 100 μM | ErbB-2, ErbB-3, AKT, and caspase 3 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Kim et al. (2005) |
| Quercetin | 50 and 100 µM | COX-2 and IκBα | Anti-inflammatory | In vitro | HT-29 | Narayansingh and Hurta (2009) |
| Quercetin | 200 µM | NF-κB | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | Caco-2 and SW-620 | Zhang et al. (2015b) |
| Quercetin | 50 µM | Wnt, β-catenin | Downregulated β-catenin, Tcf signaling | In vitro | SW-480 | Park et al. (2005) |
| Quercetin | 15 µM | ERK | Induced autophagy | In vitro | SW-620 and HCT-116 | Zhao et al. (2017) |
| Quercetin | 20 μM | RAS genes | Induced autophagy and reduced viability | In vitro | Caco-2 | Psahoulia et al. (2007a) |
| Quercetin | 10nM–10 µM | Type-II EBS | Antiproliferation | In vitro | HT-29, COLO 20 I, and LS- I74T | Ranelletti et al. (1992) |
| Quercetin | 10, 20, and 50 µM | CB1-R, PI3K, and JNK/JUN | Antiproliferation and induced apoptosis | In vitro | Caco-2, DLD-1 | Refolo et al. (2015) |
| Quercetin | 7 µM | CAMP | Cytotoxic to cancer cells | In vitro | HT-29 | Agullo et al. (1996) |
| Quercetin | ≥50 µM | Ornithine decarboxylase | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | DLD-1 | Linsalata et al. (2010) |
| Quercetin | 15–120 µM | — | Cytotoxic and antiproliferation | In vitro | HT-29 and Caco-2 | Agullo et al. (1994) |
| Quercetin | 100 µM | p21, CDKN2B, TNFSF15, RGS5,SMAD4, SESN2, and VEGF | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | CO-115 | Murtaza et al. (2006) |
| Quercetin | 30–40 µM | — | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 and Caco-2 | Kuo (1996) |
| Quercetin | 100 µM | Caspase-3 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 and Caco-2 | Kuntz et al. (1999) |
| Quercetin-50 and 8-di-sulfonate sodium (QS) | 100 µM | ROS | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | LoVo | Zhang et al. (2012) |
| Quercetin | 150 µM | Caspase-3 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Wenzel et al. (2004) |
| Quercetin | 30 µM | TRAIL | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29, SW-620, Caco-2 | Psahoulia et al. (2007b) |
| Quercetin | 0–40 µM | NAG-1 siRNA, EGR-1, and p53 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HCT-116 | Lim et al. (2007) |
| Quercetin | 0.1–1 µM | ERβ and PTEN | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | DLD-1 | Bulzomi et al. (2012) |
| Quercetin | 50 mg/kg | AMPK and HIF-1 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro and in vivo | HCT-116 | Kim et al. (2012) |
| Quercetin | 100 or 200 µM | AMP kinase | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Lee et al. (2010) |
| Quercetin | 100 µM | AMPK and p53 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Kim et al. (2010) |
| Quercetin | 30 and 80 µM | — | Antiproliferative effect | In vitro | HCT-116 and HT-29 | van der Woude et al. (2003) |
| Quercetin | 0–80 µM | β-catenin | Reduced colorectal carcinogenesis | In vitro and in vivo | Caco-2 and Fisher 344 rats | Dihal et al. (2006) |
| Quercetin | 5 µM | Antigen Ki67 | Antiproliferative effect | In vitro | HuTu-80 and Caco2 | Ackland et al. (2005) |
| Quercetin | 17.5 µM | 17 kDa protein | Antiproliferative effect and inhibited cancer cell growth | In vitro | COL0320 DM | Hosokawa et al. (1990) |
| Quercetin | 160 µM | Wnt | G1/S phase cell cycle arrest | In vitro | SW-480 | Shan et al. (2009) |
| Quercetin | 5 and 50 μM | CDC6, CDK4, and cyclin D1 | Inhibited cell cycle | In vitro | Caco-2 | van Erk et al. (2005) |
| Quercetin | 200 mg/kg | TNF-α, Hmgcs2, Fabp2, and Gpt | Anti-inflammatory | In vivo | — | Qi et al. (2019) |
| Quercetin | 100 mg | EGFR, Akt, Cdk1, cyclin B, and VEGF | Induced apoptosis, antiangiogenesis, and antiproliferation | In vivo | — | Rashedi et al. (2019) |
| Quercetin | 100–500 µg/ml | ROS | Antiproliferation | In vitro | Caco-2 | Zhou et al. (2019c) |
| Quercetin | 648 μg/ml | TNF-a and TNF-R1 | Induced apoptosis and antioxidant | In vitro | HCT116 | Sezer et al. (2019) |
| Quercetin | 100 mg/kg | HDAC8 and caspase 3/7 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro and in vivo | HCT116 | Biswas and Reddy (2018) |
| Quercetin | 30 μM | Nrf-2 and Prx-6 protein | Inhibited lipid peroxidation | In vitro | Caco-2 | Morales et al. (2018) |
| Quercetin | 100 µM | KRAS, JNK, and caspase-3 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | DLD-1 | Yang et al. (2019b) |
| Quercetin | 50–200 µM | Akt, p53, and Bcl-2 | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HT-29 | Velázquez et al. (2014) |