TABLE 4.

Studies on the therapeutic effects of quercetin in esophageal cancer.

Type of Quercetin	Dose	Targets	Results	Model (in vitro/in vivo/Human)	Cell Line	Reference
Quercetin-3-methyl ether	0–10 μM	AKT/mTOR/p70S6K, and MAPK	Anti-inflammatory, antiproliferation, and inhibited tumor growth	In vitro	SHEE and KYSE450	Zhao et al. (2018b)
		ERK, Ki67, c-Jun, and p-p70S6K		In vivo	KYSE510
Liposomal/nanoliposomal quercetin	40 μmol	HDAC1, NF-κB, Cyclin D1, and caspase-3	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	Eca109	Zheng et al. (2014a)
					Eca9706
Quercetin	20, 40, and 60 μM	DNMT1, NF-κB, HDAC1, cyclin D1, and caspase-3	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	Eca9706	Zheng et al. (2014b)
Quercetin	12.5–200	NF-κB	Antiproliferation and induced apoptosis	In vitro	EC9706 Eca109	Chuang-Xin et al. (2012b)
	µM
Quercetin	10–80 µM	p21, cyclin B1, and caspase 3.9	Induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest	In vitro	KYSE-510	Zhang et al. (2009b)
Quercetin	10–80 µM	PIG3, cyclin B1, caspase-3, and caspase-9	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	OE33	Zhang et al. (2008b)
			G2/M cell cycle arrest
Quercetin	0–50 µM	COX-2 and PGE-2	Induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest	In vitro	OE33	Cheong et al. (2004)
Quercetin	10 μg/ml	VEGF-A, MMP2, and MMP9	Suppressed invasion and angiogenesis of esophageal cancer cells	In vitro	Eca109	Liu et al. (2021)