TABLE 6.

Studies on the therapeutic effects of quercetin in oral cancer.

Type of Quercetin	Dose	Targets	Results	Model (in vitro/in vivo/Human)	Cell Line	Reference
Quercetin	25–400 μM	NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9	Inhibited migration and invasion	In vitro	SAS	Lai et al. (2013)
Quercetin	10, 50, and 200 µM	SGLT1 and MRP2	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	SCC-9	Browning et al. (2005)
Quercetin	10–100 µM	Blc2, Bax, and caspase 3	G1 phase cell cycle arrest and induced mitochondrial apoptosis	In vitro	SCC25	Chen et al. (2013)
Quercetin	5–200 µM	Caspase-3, S-Phase, and TS enzyme	Induced necrosis and apoptosis	In vitro	SCC-9	Haghiac and Walle (2005)
Quercetin	0–50 µM	FOXO1 and EGFR	Growth arrest and apaptosis	In vitro and in vivo	HSC-3, TW206, and HGF	Huang et al. (2013)
Quercetin	20, 40, and 80 µM	Anti-PARP antibody and caspase-3	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	SCC-1483, SCC-25, and SCC-QLL1	Kang et al. (2010)
Quercetin	40 µM	ROS, caspase 3, 8, 9, Fas, Fas ligand, and ATF-6β	Induced morphological changes, decreased viability, and induced apoptosis	In vitro	SAS	Ma et al. (2018)
Quercetin	100 mM	p38 MAPK–Hsp27, ABCG2, and MDR1	Reduced tumor growth and decreased drug resistance	In vitro and in vivo	SCC25	Chen et al. (2012)
Quercetin	1–25 µM	cytochrome P450 and 1B1	Chemopreventive agent	In vitro	SCC-9	Walle and Walle (2007)
Quercetin	25–100 µM	Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3	Inhibited proliferation, inhibited migration and invasion, and induced apoptosis	In vitro	KB/VCR	Yuan et al. (2015)
Quercetin	0, 50, and 100 µM	miR16 and HOXA10-axis	Inhibited viability and migration and invasion	In vitro	HSC-6, SCC-9, and hNOK	Zhao et al. (2019)
Quercetin	10 μM	Cyclin A, E, PARP1, and Bax	Inhibited proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage	In vitro	SCC-15 and Cal-33	Singh et al. (2020)