Table 1.
Clinical parameters of the study.
| Characteristics | Control group n = 22 | Intervention group n = 20 | Between group comparison based on LR1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 12 | Week 0 | Week 12 | p-value | |
| Age, yr | 56.7 ± 10.7 | 59.9 ± 9.8 | |||
| Sex, M/F | 10/12 | 7/13 | |||
| T2D patients | 2 | 3 | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 ± 4.3 | 29.6 ± 4.3 | 29.7 ± 3.2 | 29.7 ± 3.2 | 0.491 |
| Weight, kg | 86.5 ± 16.0 | 86.6 ± 15.9 | 83.8 ± 15.6 | 84.0 ± 16.0 | 0.568 |
| Waist cf, cm | 101.6 ± 12.1 | 102.5 ± 11.9 | 101.2 ± 11.4 | 100.5 ± 12.2 | 0.028 |
| Systole, mmHg | 133 ± 20 | 128 ± 15 | 139 ± 12 | 137 ± 11 | 0.12 |
| Diastole, mmHg | 89 ± 10 | 88 ± 10 | 89 ± 7 | 88 ± 6 | 0.89 |
| IHL, % | 15.08 ± 11.0 | 14.18 ± 10.0 | 16.08 ± 9.11 | 14.94 ± 9.35 | 0.698 |
| ALT, U/L | 56.3 ± 33.0 | 58.0 ± 43.7 | 50.0 ± 21.8 | 46.6 ± 21.8 | 0.664 |
| AST, U/L | 36.9 ± 10.2 | 37.6 ± 17.3 | 33.0 ± 9.8 | 31.2 ± 10.3 | 0.826 |
| y-GT, U/L | 83.4 ± 90.6 | 86.0 ± 103.0 | 77.7 ± 70.5 | 83.9 ± 98.1 | 0.754 |
| FLI, % | 72.0 ± 22.7 | 71.3 ± 24.3 | 71.4 ± 24.6 | 70.7 ± 26.2 | 0.9452 |
| HSI | 42.5 ± 6.5 | 42.2 ± 5.9 | 43.2 ± 4.8 | 42.5 ± 4.3 | 0.3503 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 0.683 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.38 ± 0.37 | 1.34 ± 0.34 | 1.44 ± 0.39 | 1.46 ± 0.42 | 0.137 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 0.549 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.78 ± 0.98 | 1.84 ± 1.12 | 1.71 ± 0.78 | 1.67 ± 0.77 | 0.351 |
| TC/HDL-C ratio | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 0.202 |
| Apo A1, g/L | 1.49 ± 0.22 | 1.45 ± 0.19 | 1.53 ± 0.2 | 1.55 ± 0.22 | 0.069 |
| Apo B, g/L | 1.04 ± 0.19 | 1.03 ± 0.3 | 0.97 ± 0.29 | 0.92 ± 0.3 | 0.283 |
| HbA1C mmol/L | 37.5 ± 2.8 | 38.1 ± 2.8 | 40.5 ± 5.5 | 40.6 ± 5.3 | 0.502 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.027 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 20.0 ± 2.2 | 21 ± 2.3 | 17.8 ± 3.1 | 17.0 ± 1.9 | 0.370 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 3.1 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 3.1 | 0.513 |
| VO2max*, mL/min | 2159 ± 543 | 2134 ± 493 | 1990 ± 561 | 2162 ± 631 | < 0.001 |
| VO2max*, mL/kg/min | 25.1 ± 5.3 | 24.9 ± 4.8 | 23.7 ± 4.02 | 25.7 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| maxW*, watt | 165.6 ± 57.5 | 163.5 ± 57.2 | 150.0 ± 51.7 | 168.3 ± 50.1 | < 0.001 |
yr year, M male, F female, T2D type 2 diabetes, BMI body mass index, cf circumference, ALT alanine transferase, AST asparagine transferase, y-GT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HSI—hepatic steatosis index, FLI fatty liver index, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HbA1C glycated haemoglobin, hs-CRP high-sensitive C-reactive protein, VO2max maximum rate of oxygen consumption = “cardiorespiratory fitness”, maxW maximum workload achieved; *based on 19 exercise test; 1Linear regression model (Covariates: T2D, gender, age, BMI); 2Linear regression model (Covariates: T2D, gender, age); 3Linear regression model (Covariates: age); Values are means ± SD. Significant values are in bold.