Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies
| Study; country | Dementia type | Intervention | Sample size (mean age) | % of female | Duration (frequency)c | Main instructor | Outcome (instrument) | PCC definitione | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Control group | ||||||||
| Amieva et al. (2016); France | AD | Personal CT | 156 (78.90) | 153 (78.70) | 60.22 | 90 (1) | Psychologist | NPS (NPI) | 2 |
| Group CT | 168 (78.50) | ||||||||
| RT | 169 (78.80) | ||||||||
| Aslakson (2010); United States | Dementia | MT | 21 (85.00) | 19 (86.68) | 90.00 | 35 (3) | Music therapist | Agitation (WAI) | 1 |
| Bailey et al. (2017); United States | Dementia | RT | 26 (84.35) | 25 (83.92) | 90.20 | 30 (2) | Psychologist | Depression (CSDD) | 1, 2 |
| Bakshi (2004); Canada | Dementia | MSS | 20 (78.00) | 20 (78.00) | 40.00 | 35 (3) | Occupational therapist | Agitation (CMAI) | 2 |
| Chu et al. (2014); Taiwan | Dementia | MT | 49 (82.00a) | 51 (82.00a) | 53.00 | 30 (2) | Music therapist | Cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD) | 1 |
| Clare et al. (2010); England | AD, mixed | Personal CT | 22 (76.32) | 22 (78.18) | 58.82 | 60 (1) | Occupational therapist | Depression (HADS) | 2 |
| Duru Aşiret & Kapucu (2016); Turkey | AD | RT | 31 (81.83) | 31 (82.26) | 67.74 | 35 (1) | Nurse | Cognition (MMSE), depression (GDS) | 1 |
| Hong & Choi (2011); Korea | AD, VD, PDD | MT | 15 (78.30a) | 15 (78.30a) | 93.33 | 60 (1) | Music therapist | Cognition (MMSE) | 1 |
| Hsieh et al. (2010); Taiwan | Dementia | RT | 29 (77.90) | 32 (77.25) | 40.98 | 45 (1) | Nurse | Depression (CSDD) | 1 |
| Hsu et al. (2015); England | AD, VD, DFT, DLB, mixed, UNS | MT | 9 (84.56) | 8 (82.50) | 94.12 | 30 (1) | Music therapist | NPS (NPI) | 1 |
| Hutson et al. (2014); England | AD, VD, DLB, mixed, UNS | MSS | 21 (86.80a) | 18 (86.80a) | 86.11 | 50 (2) | Staff | Depression (CSDD), NPS (NPI) | 1 |
| Ito et al. (2007); Japan | VD | RT | 18 (82.90) | 17 (82.10) | 61.76 | 60 (1) | Specialistd | Cognition (MMSE) | 1, 2 |
| Kallio et al. (2018); Finland | AD, VD, PDD, DLB, UNS | CT | 76 (82.60) | 71 (83.60) | 72.00 | 45 (2) | Psychologist | Cognition (MMSE) | 2 |
| Lai et al. (2004); Hong Kong | Dementia | RT | 36 (86.20) | 30 (86.80) | 67.44 | 30 (1) | RA | Cognition (MMSE) | 1, 2 |
| Lawton et al. (1998); England | Dementia | MSS | 88 (NA) | 94 (NA) | NA | NA | Nurse | Depression (MOSES) | 1, 2 |
| Lök et al. (2019); Turkey | AD, unspecified | RT | 30 (NA) | 30 (NA) | 56.67 | 60 (1) | Nurse | Cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD) | 1, 2 |
| Lopes et al. (2016); Portugal | Dementia | RT | 20 (83.85) | 20 (83.62) | 77.50 | 35 (1) | Nurse | Cognition (MoCA), depression (CSDD) | 1 |
| Lyu et al. (2018); China | AD | MT | 97 (68.90) | 95 (69.90) | 59.03 | 35 (14) | Music therapist | Cognition (MMSE), NPS (NPI) | 1 |
| Maseda et al. (2014); Spain | Dementia | MSS | 10 (87.20) | 10 (86.70) | 95.00 | 30 (2) | Psychologist or occupational therapist |
Agitation (CMAI), cognition (MMSE), depression CSDD), NPS (NPI) | 1 |
| Nakamae et al. (2014); Japan | AD, VD | RT | 17 (84.76) | 19 (87.16) | 100.00 | 40 (1) | Occupational therapist | Cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD) | 1, 2 |
| Pérez-Ros et al. (2019); Spain | Dementia | MT | 47 (80.06) | 72 (80.80) | 50.85 | 60 (5) | Staff | Cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD) | 1 |
| Raglio et al. (2015); Italy | Dementia | MT | 40 (81.00) | 40 (82.40) | 78.33 | 30 (2) | Music therapist | Depression (CSDD), NPS (NPI) | 2 |
| Ridder et al. (2013); Denmark and Norway | Dementia | MT | 21 (82.17) | 21 (80.20) | 69.00 | 33.8 (2) | Music therapist | Agitation (CMAI) | 1 |
| Sánchez et al. (2016); Spain | Dementia | MSS | 11 (86.40) | 10 (82.30) | 78.10 | 30 (2) | Occupational therapist | Agitation (CMAI), cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD), NPS (NPI) | 1, 2 |
| Shiltz et al. (2018); United States | Dementia | MT | 47 (80.00) | 45 (76.00) | 52.17 | 30 (3) | Staff | Agitation (CMAI), cognition (MMSE) | 1 |
| Staal et al. (2007); United States | Dementia | MSS | 12 (80.33) | 12 (72.00) | 66.67 | 30 (3) | RA | Agitation (PAS) | 1, 2 |
| Tadaka & Kanagawa (2007); Japan | Dementia | RT | 30 (84.20) | 30 (82.40) | 75.00 | 90 (1) | Specialistd | Cognition (MMSE), depression (MOSES) | 1, 2 |
| Tanaka et al. (2017); Japan | AD, VD, DLB, mixed, UNS | Personal CT | 20 (86.00) | 20 (86.50) | 90.00 | 60 (2) | Staff | Cognition (MMSE), depression (GDS) | 2 |
| Group CT | 20 (84.90) | 20 (2) | |||||||
| Van Bogaert et al. (2013); Belgium | AD | RT | 41 (83.00) | 41 (85.00) | 82.93 | 45 (2) | Nurse | Cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD), NPS (NPI) | 1, 2 |
| Van Bogaert et al. (2016); Belgium | Dementia | RT | 29 (84.00b) | 31 (84.00b) | 80.00 | 45 (2) | Nurse | Cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD), NPS (NPI) | 1, 2 |
| van der Ploeg et al. (2013); Australia | Dementia | MSS | 15 (78.10a) | 29 (78.10a) | 68.18 | 30 (2) | Psychologist | Agitation (CMAI) | 1 |
| Wang (2007); Taiwan | Dementia | RT | 51 (79.76) | 51 (78.92) | 50.98 | 60 (1) | Nurse | Cognition (MMSE), depression (CSDD) | 2 |
| Wang et al. (2018); China | AD | MT | 30 (70.40) | 30 (69.10) | 63.33 | 40 (21) | Music therapist | Cognition (MMSE), NPS (NPI) | 1, 2 |
| Weise et al. (2019); Germany | Dementia | MT | 10 (85.05a) | 10 (85.05a) | 80.00 | 30 (3.5) | Staff | Agitation (CMAI) | 2 |
| Wu & Koo (2016); Taiwan | AD, DFT | RT | 53 (73.50) | 50 (73.60) | 68.93 | 10 (1) | Psychologist | Cognition (MMSE) | 1 |
| Yamagami et al. (2012); Japan | AD, VD, DFT mixed, UNS | CT | 28 (85.50) | 26 (84.90) | 90.74 | 60 (2) | Staff | Depression (MOSES) | 1, 2 |
Notes: AD = Alzheimer’s disease; CMAI = Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory; CSDD = Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; CT = cognitive therapy; DFT = dementia of frontal lobe type; DLB = dementia with Lewy bodies; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MOSES = Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects; MSS = multisensory stimulation; MT = music therapy; NA = not applicable; NPI = Neuropsychiatric Inventory; NPS = neuropsychiatric symptoms; PAS = Pittsburgh Agitation Scale; PCC = person-centered care; PDD = Parkinson disease dementia; RA = research assistant; RT = reminiscence therapy; VD = vascular dementia; UNS = unspecified; WAI = Wisconsin Agitation Inventory.
aAge of all participants. bMedian age. cDuration refers to the number of minutes per session and frequency refers to the number of sessions per week. dSpecialist refers to various types of therapists. ePCC definition (1 = promoting patient involvement, 2 = individualization of care).