Table 2.

Meta-analytic Result of Person-Centered Intervention Effect

Variable	k	d	95% CI	Z	I  2
Overall effect on BPSD	31	−0.52	−0.67, −0.36	6.60**	66
Overall effect on depression	19	−0.51	−0.71, −0.32	5.24**	63
Overall effect on NPS	7	−0.51	−0.84, −0.18	3.04**	77
Overall effect on agitation	5	−0.59	−1.13, −0.04	2.11*	68
Overall effect on cognitive function	15	0.52	0.27, 0.76	4.16**	73
MT effect on BPSD	9	−0.33	−0.48, −0.18	4.33**	0
MT effect on depression	3	−0.33	−0.56, −0.09	2.71**	0
MT effect on NPS	4	−0.35	−0.68, −0.03	2.13*	47
MT effect on agitation	2	−0.26	−0.80, 0.27	0.96	0
MT effect on cognitive function	5	0.35	0.01, 0.69	2.04*	68
RT effect on BPSD	13	−0.74	−1.02, −0.47	5.28**	77
RT effect on depression	10	−0.77	−1.03, −0.51	5.74**	59
RT effect on NPS	3	−0.69	−1.44, 0.05	1.82	90
RT effect on cognitive function	10	0.59	0.27, 0.91	3.60**	72
CT effect on depression	4	−0.21	−0.53, 0.11	1.30	0
MSS effect on BPSD	5	−0.48	−0.95, −0.01	2.01*	75
MSS effect on depression	2	−0.10	−0.37, 0.16	0.76	0
MSS effect on agitation	3	−0.81	−1.71, 0.09	1.76	83

Notes: k = number of comparisons; d = standardized mean difference calculated under random-effect model; I² = heterogeneity statistic; Z = test statistic used to derive the p value; BPSD = behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia; CI = confidence interval; CT = cognitive therapy; MSS = multisensory stimulation; MT = music therapy; NPS = neuropsychiatric symptoms; RT = reminiscence therapy.

*p < .05. **p < .01.