TABLE 1.

Summary of anti-diabetes effects of Re.

Inducer	Experimental Model	Outcome and Proposed Mechanism	Reference(s)
	C57BL/6J ob/ob mice	FBG↑, IPGTT↑	Attele et al. (2002)
	C57BL/6J ob/ob mice	BG↑, FBG↑	Xie et al. (2005a)
HFD	Wistar rats	IR↑, GLUT4↑	Han et al. (2012)
HFD, GPL	C57BL/6J mice, HepG2 cells	p-LKB1↑, p-AMPK↑, SHP↓, SREBP1c↓, FAS↓, SCD1↓	Quan et al. (2012)
HFD, DII	Wistar rats, 3T3-L1 adipocytes	Glucose uptake↑, p-IRS-1↑, p-PI3K↑, Akt/PKCγ/λ↑, p-JNK↓, NF-κB↓	Zhang et al. (2008)
HSHF; HSHF+AM; HSHF+STZ	Wistar rats	BG↓, TC↓, TG↓, Lp-a↓, VEGF↓, IL-6↓, p-p38↓,insulin levles↑, HDL-C↑	Shi et al. (2016)
STZ	SD rats	BG↓, MDA↓, TC↓, TG↓, GSH↑	Cho et al. (2006)
STZ	SD rats	FBG↓, TNF-α↓, MDA↓, GSH↑	Liu et al. (2012)
HFD	C57BL/6 mice	TG↓, TC↓, LDL-C↓, GOT↓, GPT↓, MDA↓, p-JNK↓, p-IRS↓, p-tau↓, BG↑, HDL-C↑, Ach↑, GSH↑, SOD↑	Kim et al. (2017)
HFD	C57BL/6 mice	FG↓, TG↓, TC↓, LDL-C↓, AChE↓, MDA↓	Park et al. (2015)
DII	3T3-L1 cells	Glucose uptake↑, GLUT4↑, IRS-1↑, PI3K↑	Lee et al. (2011)
DII	3T3-L1 cells	TNF-α↓,TG↑, Glucose uptake↑, PPARγ-2↑, ap2↑, IRS-1↑, GLUT4↑, Adiponectin↑	Gao et al. (2013)
High glucose	RF/6A cells	LDH↓, MDA↓, p-Akt↓,ROS↑, CAT↑, GSH-Px↑, HIF-1α↑, Caspase-3↑, VEGF↑, Caspase-9↑	Xie et al. (2020)